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    【英语书面表达词句训练实用技巧】 形容训练的诗句

    时间:2020-02-02 16:39:40 来源:柠檬阅读网 本文已影响 柠檬阅读网手机站

    摘要:
        根据语言表达能力形成的规律,以及书面表达考查题的特点,英语书面表达词句系统训练可以归纳为6个字:
    抓基础,谋提升,即:一:强化基础知识---积累词汇,掌握语法,熟悉句型 二:提升水平档次---升级词汇,变换句式,运用关联词,使用地道英语。只有经过长期的系统的训练才能更准确地掌握词汇、句法和语法知识,逐步形成和提高语言组织能力和表达能力,增加学习兴趣,增强学习信心,最终形成英语的综合运用能力和逻辑思维能力,写出高规格的满分作文。
    Abstract:
        The paper aims to give strategies of how to improve the students’ abilities and enable the teachers to achieve good results in the English teaching activities.It presents some practical ways of how to write a high-quality passage in English .The ways that is mentioned in the paper and have helped the students to achieve their goals in as many ways as possible are:paying much more special attention to words and phrases (vocabuary),grammar and sentence patterns upon which an excellent writing is based; trying to improve the overall impression a passage leaves by upgrading some vocabuaries ,changing some sentence patterns, using conjunction words and standard English instead of Chinese English. Only in that way can we present an excellent article and gent full marks.
    关键词:强化基础,提升档次
        要想在书面表达部分取得好成绩,首先必须对词句进行有意识有目的的系统训练。通过训练,才能更准确地掌握词汇、句法和语法等知识,养成纯正的英语思维习惯,逐步形成和提高语言组织能力和表达能力,增加学习兴趣,增强学习信心,并最终形成英语的综合运用能力和逻辑思维能力。
        依据语言表达能力形成的规律,以及书面表达考查题的特点,英语书面表达词句系统训练可归纳为6个字:
    抓基础,谋提升,即:
        一:强化基础知识---积累词汇,掌握语法,熟悉句型
        二:提升水平档次---升级词汇,变换句式,运用关联词,使用地道英语

    一、 强化基础知识
        首先一定要强化基础知识,积累词汇,掌握语法,熟悉句型,在此基础上才能进入第二步---提升档次。

    (一)积累词汇
        一定要积累词汇。以下方法很实用有效:
    (1)在生活中积累
        学习英语靠平时点滴的积累。生活是最好的老师。学习和使用英语词汇的机会无所不在。比如,当你坐在电视机前观看演唱会的时候,你可以积累与演唱会有关的词汇,如:concert,singer,backup singer,pop star singer,dancer,guitar,bass,shelf drum,spotlight,audi- -ence,fan等等。再如,走进农场,你会学到很多的词汇,比如:farm,farmer,farming,pig farm,pig,piglet,duck,duckling,chick,chicken,rooster,dog,puppy,sheep,lamb,goat,kid,cow,calf,horse,colt,vegetable,fruit,barn,silo等等。
    (2)善于分类归纳词汇
        要有意识地把词汇进行分类归纳,记忆起来事半功倍,如按衣、食、住、行、天气、时间、娱乐、运动、动物、人物、科目、职业、学习用品等归类,如按职业分类:waiter,waitress teacher,taxi driver,police officer,pilot,stewardess,singer,photographer,nusery school teacher, model,housewife,fisherman,farmer,fire fighter,dentist,nurse,doctor,cook,carpenter,bus driver player,announcer,等等。
    (3)善于拓展词汇
        可以从固定搭配方面,也可以从多义词和多词性的角度,更可以从构词法的角度去拓展,抓住一点,带动一片。如:看到die时,马上想到die of,die from,die out,die away,die down 等。再如,while是个多义词,除了表示“当……的时候”外,还要拓展开来,记忆它的以下意思:
    然而,;
    虽然,尽管;

    只要;
    (作名词)一会儿, 一段时间。又如need的用法,它既可作情态动词也可作实义动词,有:need to do=need do,do not need to do=need not do,Need…do…?=Do…need to do…?等等;
    运用构词法去拓展效果更佳,要求学生掌握相当数量的前缀,后缀和词根,并且进行分类归纳,必定取得事半功倍的学习效果。如:act actor actress action actionable active activity react reactive reactor reaction,reactionanable counteract counteraction counteractive interact interaction interactive coaction inactive nonactor 等等
    (4)全方位多角度多层次进行刺激记忆
        综合运用视觉、听觉等五官感觉,通过看、听、说、读、写等活动全方位、多角度、多层次地对大脑进行刺激,快速高效深刻地记忆词汇。听包括听课、听磁带、听广播、听新闻、听歌曲,看包括看电视、看电影,说是指:跟自己说、跟同伴说、跟外宾说,读则有:读课本、读报纸、读小说,写是指动手在草稿纸上写写划划,动手写读后感,写摘要、写日记等,自己给自己设立记忆英语使用英语的情景。
    (二)掌握语法
        一定要掌握语法。掌握英语的语言结构的最佳途径就是掌握语法。语法基础扎实牢固,才能表达得清楚得体。以下方法也很有效:
    (1)把词形变化规则编写成故事来记忆
        英语有词形变化的现象,死记硬背容易忘记,吃力不讨好。我们可以充分地利用自己的想象力,创设自己熟悉的喜闻乐见的情节或者情景把各种词形变化规则整合成有趣的故事,通过故事把规则记忆下来。例如:f和fe结尾的名词变复数时,首先将f和fe变为v, 再加-es。我们可以使用一句话来记忆:“狼(wolf)和小偷(thief)的妻子(wife)用小刀(knife) 威胁书架(shelf)上的半片(half)叶子(leaf)的生命(life)。(2)用归类法记忆不规则动词表
        不规则动词是英语语法学习中的一个难点,可分为以下四种类型:
        1)AAA型:如cut cut cut; put put put; cost cost cost…
        2)ABA型:如come came come; overcome overcame overcome…
        3)ABB型:如catch caught caught; have had had; lead led led…
        4)ABC型:如do did done; sing sang sung; swim swam swun…
    (3)编写顺口溜或者有趣的句子记忆非谓语动词规则
        例如,“省to动词要主动,注意观察不可松,三看两听一感觉,还有三让要从容,若是被动还原to”这句顺口溜就帮助我们记住:notice, observe;
    see, watch, look at, hear, listen to;
    feel;
    have, make, let这些动词本身使用主动语态的时候,其后的不定式要省略to,当它们本身使用被动语态的时候要还原不定式的to这一规则. 再如:某些动词之后只能跟-ing作宾语,可以使用一下的诗句这样记忆:
        enjoy, consider, escape, avoid
        喜欢考虑不可免
        forbid, give up, risk
        禁止放弃太冒险
        admit, appreciate, be worth
        承认欣赏很值得
        mind, imagine, delay, put off
        反对想象莫推延
        require, finish, look forward to
        要求完成是期盼
        suggest, can’t help, practice
        建议不禁勤操练
        allow, permit, excuse, insist
        允许原谅要坚持
        feel like, succeed in, devote…to
        要想成功须奉献
    (三)熟悉句型
        熟练掌握和正确运用各种常用的基本句型,可以确保句子基本正确无误。
    (1)掌握基本句型
        句子有长短简繁,但从本质上看,可以归纳为五种基本句型。这五种基本句型,是各种英语句子结构的基础。可以通过有意识、有目的地做长句缩写训练来把握好基本句型。
    基本句型一:
    S V (主+谓)
        如:The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。
            What he said does not matter. 他所讲的没有什么关系。
    基本句型二:
    S V P (主+谓+表)
        如:This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。
            The dinner smells good. 午餐闻起来不错。
    基本句型三:SVO(主+谓+宾)
        如:She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。
            He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。
    基本句型四:
    S V o O (主+谓+间宾+直宾)
        如:I showed him my pictures. 我给他看我的照片。
            He denies her nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。
    基本句型五:
    S V O C (主+谓+宾+宾补)
        如:We saw him out. 我们见他出去了。
            He asked me to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。
    (2)从功能上把握好句子种类
    从功能上看,句子可以分为以下四种类型:
    类型一、陈述句
        如:He studies English. (肯定式)
            There aren’t many students in the school.(否定式)
    类型二、疑问句
        如:Do you know the way to the station?(一般疑问句)
            What ever do you mean by saying this?(特殊疑问句)
            It is quite cheap, isn’t it?(反意疑问句)
            He is a doctor or a nurse?(选择疑问句)
    类型三、祈使句
        如:Come here!
            (用于第二人称,肯定式)
            Don’t be standing!
            (用于第二人称,否定式)
            Let’s go for a walk.
            (用于一、三人称,为肯定式)
    类型四、感叹句
        如:What fine weather it is!
            (中心词为名词)
            How fast the plane flies!
            (中心词为副词)
            It is wonderful! (中心词为形容词)
    (3)有意识、有目的地做基本句型扩展训练
        在基本句型的基础上,在某些词的前面或后面增加一些修饰语扩展成长句。这些修饰语可以是单词(主要是形容词、副词和数词),可以是各种类型的短语(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语),可以是各种类型的从句。
        例如:The boy is working with the men.
        扩展如下:The tall boy is working with the hard-working men.
            The tall boy singing happily is working with the hard-working men introduced by the newspaper.
            The tall boy who is at the age of 20 is working with the hard-working men that are good at working metal.
    (4)有意识、有目的地做句型转换练习
        可以在不同句型间进行转换,也可以在同义句或近义句之间进行转换。例如:
        转换为否定句
        You had beter go there. You had better not go there.
        转换为感叹句
        The garden is very beautiful.
        How beautiful the garden is!
        What a beautiful garden it is!=How beautiful a garden it is!
        对划线部分进行提问
        He wants to take a photo of himself where the flowers are most beautiful.
        Where does he want to take a photo of himself?
        The villagers found a wild pig on the mountain.
        What did the villagers find on the mountain?
        转换为被动语态
        They gave him a gold medal.
        He was given a gold medal.=A medal was given to him.
        改为同义句或近义句
        The girl was too short to reach the apple on the desk.
        =The girl wasn’t tall enough to reach the apple on the desk.
        We should never enter the lab without the teacher’s permission.
        =We should ask for the teacher’s permission before entering the lab.
        =We can’t enter the lab until the teacher permits.
    (5)有意识、有目的地做单句汉译英练习
        广西高考英语不考单句汉译英,平时的教学中这项训练被淡化处理掉了,这样得不偿失。单句汉译英综合运用词汇、语法和句型知识,是必不可少的基础训练。因此要重视,要多进行有意识、有目的的练习。

    二、 提升水平档次
        第一步强化基础知识为“养精”,第二步提升水平档次为“提神”。也就是说,第二步训练的目的是将已经基本完成的文章做一番修饰,使文章的档次提升到一个新的高度。
    (一)升级词汇
        将一些简单易写的初级词汇升级换代为中高级词汇,有效地提升文章的档次。
    例如:meeting改为conference;
    timetable改schedule; stress改为emphasize再改为lay an emphasize on; build改为construct;
    enjoy改为 appreciate;decide改为be determined to do/make up one’s mind。
    (二)变换句式
        句式不能单一,要富于变化。文章中要有单句,主从复合句,更要有非谓语动词结构,倒装句以及一些典型句式,这样文章才富有层次,多姿多彩。以下方法很有效。
    (1)将单句变为复合句或者非谓语动词结构或者从句
        例如要表达“同学门在教学楼的周围种了许多色彩鲜艳的花树。这幢教学楼看上去就像一座漂亮的花园。”先写成单句,再改成主从复合句或非谓语动词结构。
        单句:The students have grown many brightly-colored flowers and trees around the teaching building. It looks like a beautiful garden.
        复合句:The students have grown many brightly-colored flowers and trees around the teaching building, so it looks like a beautiful garden.
        非谓语动词结构:With many brightly-colored flowers grown around, this teaching building looks like a beautiful garden.         从句:The students have grown many brightly-colored flowers and trees around the teaching building,which makes it look like a beautiful garden.
    (2)注意积累并善于运用典型句式
    例如:
        1)the + ...est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen (known/heard/had/read, etc)     Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had.
        2)Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V     Nothing is more important than to receive education.
        3)There is no doubt that + 句子 (毫无疑问的...)     There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.
        4)There is no one but ... (没有人不...)     There is no one but longs to go to college.
        5)It pays to + V ... (...是值得的。)     It pays to help others.
    (三)善于运用关联词
        文章段落需要句子之间的紧密衔接。因此一定要注意运用关联词来理清思路,使文章语句通顺,层次清楚,有声有色。
    以下关联词非常重要:表并列的and,besides,as well as,in addition to,not only…but also,when,表递进的furthermore,what"s more,what"s worse,表转折的but,while,on the contrary,on the other hand,however,表选择的either…or…,whether…or…,otherwise,表总结的in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking,表因果的as a result, so, thus, therefore等。
    (四)培养英语思维意识
        不能根据汉语的语法规则生搬硬套。在平时的训练中要引导学生多读,多记,多练,注意英汉表达之间的差异,养成英语思维的习惯,学生就能熟练地使用地道的英语表达自己的思想。
    (1)“多读”。即选读外刊的精品短文,或高考题的书面表达参考答案,或质量高的高考考模拟卷中的书面表达式参考范文,马上能派上用场。除此之外还要求学生正确发出每个单词的音,流利读出每句英文外,更要求学生正确理解每句英文的意思,为下一步“记忆”扫清障碍
    (2)“记忆”,即背诵。书面表达难就难在我们头脑中“汉语表达习惯”的“沉积层太厚”,要克服汉语干扰,彻底从学生的大脑中赶走“中国式英语”,仅靠理解熟读英语短文还不够,必须通过“背诵”才能使“英语表达法”深深印在学生的脑子里。可以选取课文中的段落,也可以选取外刊的精品短文,或高考题的书面表达参考答案,或质量高的高考考模拟卷中的书面表达式参考范文进行背诵。要加强检查和监督,促使学生有意识有目的地去背诵。


    (3)“操练”,即口头反复操练所学短文中出现的常见句型和习惯用语,以求达到烂熟于心,脱口而出的程度。因为所写英文句子主要成分是否残缺,是否有英语味,是否地道。在很大程度上取决于对英语习惯用语和句型的掌握程度。例如以下动名词常用句型必须要反复操练:
        (1) ...have trouble/difficulty/a hard time/a difficult time (in) doing sth.
        People from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other.
        (2) upon/on doing sth=as soon as
        Upon /On hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn"t say a word.
        (3) There is no/some difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.
        There is no difficulty in solving this social problem.
        (4) There is no need to do sth
        =There is no point (in) doing sth
        = It"s no use /good /worth doing sth
        It’s no use talking with him. He won’t listen to you.
        There is no need in sending such expensive present.
        (5) spend some time/money (in) doing sth
        They say children spend too much time chatting and playing games instead of focusing on their school work.
        (6) It"s a waste of time/money/energy doing sth
        例:It"s a waste of time watching TV programme as this.
    (4)“对比”。 在经过“读、记、练”三个环节的学习一篇短文之后,采用对比的方法对所学语言进行对比、分析和讲解,有利于学生对所学内容有个“居高临下”的全面地正确认识,及时避免了“鹦鹉学舌”、“死记硬背”的毛病。可以从以下几个方面入手:
    相似句子或结构的对比:
        It is three years since he came here.
        It will be five years before he meets you again;
        The house to be built next week will be our classroom .
        The house being built now will be our classroom.
        词法使用不同的对比:
        The foreign friends were warmly welcomed .
        The foreign friends were given a warm welcome.
        A welcome was given to the foreign friends.
        The foreign friends received a warm welcome.
        不同形式表达同一内容的对比:
        She knew English very well.
        She has a good command of English .
        She had a good knowledge of English well.
        She mastered English well.
        She became expert at English.
        She did well in English.
        She was good at English.
    (5)是“练笔”,一是默写所记忆、背诵的英语短文,以检查、巩固“读、记、练、比”的效果;
    二是试着去写类似的材料或内容的英语小作文,实现用英语思维的能力和活用英语、进行书面表达的能力。
    结束语
        只要按照以上的方法展开系统的训练,同学们就一定能更准确地掌握词汇、句法和语法等知识,逐步形成和提高语言组织能力和表达能力,增加学习兴趣,增强学习信心,最终形成英语的综合运用能力和逻辑思维能力,写出高规格的满分作文!

    参考文献:
        [1]刘上扶《英语写作论》,广西教育出版社,1999
        [2]戴军熔 “开展综合型教学,全方位提高学生的写作能力”,《中小学外语教学》2002年第6期
        [3]赵群英 “高中英语写作教学中需注意的几个问题”,《中小学外语教学与研究》2003年第6期
        [4]郝群 “提高英语写作水平的六条途径”,《中小学外语教学与研究》2003年第5期
        [5]孙培香 “高中英语书面表达训练的点滴做法”,《中小学外语教学与研究》2003年第1期
        [6]程晓堂,郑敏.英语学习策略[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2002.
        [7]黄远振.新课程英语教与学[M].福州:福建教育出版社,2003.
        [8]王媛.高中新课程怎样教(英语)[M].北京:北京教育出版社
        [9]张向会, 培养英语思维2008年《世纪教育》第四期
        [10]李文中:《中国英语与中国式英语》,《外语教学与研究》,1993年第4期。
        [11]谢之君:《中国英语——跨文化交际中的干扰性变体》,《现代英语》,1995年第3~4 期。

     

       姓名:黄 影
       地址:广西省百色市平果县第三高级中学        

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