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    浩然之气 至大—孟子心得

    时间:2020-09-06 08:10:02 来源:柠檬阅读网 本文已影响 柠檬阅读网手机站

     浩然之气 至大至刚

     孟子名轲,字子舆,战国时期邹国人,著有《孟 子》一书。有“亚圣”之称,与孔子合称为“孔孟”、“孔孟之道”。孟子说:“吾善养吾浩然之气”、“其为气也,至大至刚……其为气也,配义与道”,这是一 种充满正义、充满仁义道德的正气、骨气。这种气,阳刚而气壮山河,气贯长虹,气冲霄汉,“富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能屈。”孟子一生倡导仁政,在与 诸侯王公交往中不卑不亢,这源于他拥有充塞天地的浩然正气。他对真理的追求和做人深深影响着后人。

     孟子的天命观思想认为天是最高的有意志的,人 世间的朝代更替、君王易位,以及兴衰存亡、富贵穷达,均是由天命所定。人对于天必须百依百顺,要懂得“尽心”、“知天”和“事天”,“顺天者昌,逆天者 亡”,天意是不可抗拒的。孟子重视道德修养,认为道德是天赋的,是人心所固有的,是人的良知本性,如果人人能够保持善性并努力提高自己的修养,那么“人皆 可为尧舜”。孟子和孔子一样都是周游列国而弘道。孟子到齐、魏、滕、薛、宋、邹、梁等国,所述乃唐尧、虞舜以及夏、商、周三代之德及王道,受到魏惠王等的 礼遇,被齐宣王拜为上卿,使其行仁政,民心归附,多次避免了战争的发生。

     当时孟子声望颇高,据传,孟子一次从齐国到魏 国,途经干城被大雨所阻,一时间人们奔走相告,孟子住处门庭若市,登门求教者络绎不绝。孟子见此地人如此好施乐道,决定留下讲学数日。干城人也以此为荣, 后来就在孟子讲学的地方建“先师庙”,也称“孟轲庙”。孟子不仅授徒讲学,培养出了乐正子、公孙丑、万章等优秀的学生,还与学生们一起著书立说。孟子认为 君子必须只追求符合道义的东西,劝化君臣、百姓树立道义至上、重义轻利的思想观念,使德入人心。以下为他坚定不移劝善的几个故事。

     以义治国,何必言利

     孟子来到梁国,梁惠王说:“先生不远千里而来,一定是有什么对我的国家有利的高见吧?”孟子回答说:“大王!何必说利呢?只要说仁义就行了。大王说‘怎样使我的国家有利?’大夫说‘怎样使我的家庭有利?’一般人士和老百姓说 ‘怎样使我自己有利?’结果是上上下下互相争夺利益,国家就危险了啊!在一个拥有一万辆兵车 的国家里,杀害他国君的人,往往是拥有一千辆兵车的大夫;在一个拥有一千辆兵车的国家里,杀害他国君的人,往往是拥有一百辆兵车的大夫。这些大夫在一万辆 兵车的国家中就拥有一千辆,在一千辆兵车的国家中就拥有一百辆,他们的拥有不算不多。可是,如果把义放在后而把利摆在前,他们不夺得国君的地位是永远不会 满足的。反过来说,从来没有讲‘仁’的人却抛弃父母的,从来也没有讲‘义’的人却不顾君王的。所以,大王只说仁义就行了,何必说利呢?”西汉司马迁说自己 每次读孟子见梁惠王,常常感叹不已:利实在是天下大乱的原因啊!

     好善足以治天下

     鲁国打算让乐正子治理国政,孟子听说这一消息 很高兴,他的学生公孙丑问:“乐正子很有经验吗?”孟子说:“不。”公孙丑问:“那您为什么高兴呢?”孟子说:“他为人喜欢听取善言且做事尽职尽责。”公 孙丑问:“这些就够了吗?”孟子说:“凭这些可以治理天下,更何况鲁国呢?如果喜欢听取善言,就愿意与善人结交,小人就没有市场;如果不喜欢听取善言,那 真正的有识之士就会被拒之于千里之外,而那些进谗言的阿谀奉承之徒就会来到,他身边要都是这些小人,要想治理好国家,怎么可能呢?为官就要敢于维护正义和 公道。不能尽职,不能尽责,当什么官呢?”阐述了君子在任何时候都要保持正气,识大体、明大义,以从善扬善为己任。

     王庶几改之!予日望之!

     孟子两次来到齐国劝齐王行仁政而不被采纳。当 孟子第二次离开齐国时,齐国的尹士对孟子的学生高子说:“不知道齐王不能成为商汤、周武王那样的君主,那就是不明智;知道齐王不可能,然而还是到齐国来, 那就是为着期求好处。不远千里地来见齐王,不相投合而离开,在昼邑住了三夜才走,为什么这样滞留迟缓呢?我对孟子这一点很不高兴。”高子把这番话告诉了孟 子。

     孟子说:“尹士哪里会知道我的想法呢?千里迢 迢地来向齐王阐述王道,这是我自己愿意的;劝谏没有成功而离开,难道也是我愿意的吗?我是不得已罢了。我住了三夜才离开昼邑,在我心里还是觉得太快了,心 想齐王或许会改变态度的,如果他召我回去,我一定要利用好这个机会。等到离开了昼邑,齐王没有派人追我回去,我这才毅然下定决心走。我虽然这么做了,难道 肯舍弃齐王吗?齐王还是完全可以行善政的。齐王如果行善政,那岂只是齐国的百姓得到安宁,天下的百姓都能得到安宁。齐王或许会改变态度的!我天天期望着他 能改变!我难道像那种气度狭小的人吗?向君主进谏不被接受,就怒气冲冲,脸上显露出不满的表情,离开时就非得拼尽一天的气力赶路,然后才歇宿吗?”尹士听 了这话,说:“我真是个小人啊。”

     以德服人,心悦诚服

     孟子听说齐宣王想用武力征服天下,第三次赶到 了齐国,齐宣王问他说:“同邻国交往有什么原则吗?”孟子答道:“有。只有仁人能以大国的地位侍奉小国,所以商汤曾侍奉葛国,文王曾侍奉昆夷。只有聪明的 人能以小国的地位侍奉大国,所以周太王曾侍奉獯鬻,勾践曾侍奉吴国。能以大国地位侍奉小国的,是乐于听从天命的人;能以小国地位侍奉大国的,是畏惧天命的 人。乐于听从天命的能安定天下,畏惧天命的能保住他的国家。《诗经》上说:‘畏惧上天的威严,才能得到安定。

     ’”齐宣王说:“讲的太好了!不过我有个毛病,我喜欢勇武。”

     孟子说:“大王,请不要喜欢小勇。按着剑、瞪着眼说:‘他哪敢抵挡我!’ 这只是个人的小勇罢了。什么是真正的勇武?《诗经》上说:‘文王勃然发怒,整军备武保护莒 国,增我周朝的威福,以此报答天下的期望。’这就是文王的勇武。文王一怒而安定了天下的百姓。《尚书》上说:‘上天降生万民,为他们设君主、立师长,要他 们协助上天爱护百姓,严守道德规范,天下谁敢超越它的本份?’有一个人横行天下,武王就感觉到耻辱。这就是武王的勇武。而武王也是一怒就安定了天下的百 姓。如果现在大王也一怒就安定天下的百姓,那么百姓还唯恐大王不喜欢勇武呢!”

     孟子接着说:“大王如果对内施行仁政,减轻赋 税,让百姓在耕种之余学习忠孝、仁义、礼仪、守信的道理,必会使近处的人们安居乐业,而远方的人也会前来归附。如果哪个诸侯失道,使自己的百姓陷入了痛苦 之中,大王前去讨伐他们,谁能跟大王对抗呢?百姓箪食壶浆来迎接您,难道有别的要求吗?只是想避开水深火热的环境啊。如果水更深,火更热,百姓也就只有转 望别人去解救他们了。爱抚百姓而统一天下,就没有谁能阻挡的住他。”齐宣王点头称是。孟子因势利导,从天理、民心的角度向齐宣王阐述王道,最终使其放弃了 战争,实施仁政,齐国得到了大治,百姓们都非常感谢孟子的恩德。

     仁者无敌于天下

     孟子说:“唯有仁人才能够无敌于天下,唯有仁 政才能使国泰民安。如果在上的不依照义理度量事物,在下的不用法度约束自己,朝廷不信仰道义,官吏不遵守法度,君子触犯理义,小人触犯刑律,国家还能生存 的,只是由于侥幸罢了。所以说,城墙不够厚,军队不够多,不是国家的灾难;土地没有扩大,财富没有积聚,不是国家的祸害。不尊崇道德,才是国家的祸患。因 此,进谏君王修德行仁,这才是恭敬;向君王陈述正理,使其消除邪念,这才是尊重;阿谀逢迎,这叫坑害君王。自身端正,天下的人就会来归附他。《诗经》上 说:‘永远配合天命,将拥有众多的幸福’。居住在天下最宽广的住宅‘仁’里,站立在天下最正确的位置‘礼’上,行走在天下最宽广的道路‘义’上;富贵不能 迷乱他的思想,贫贱不能改变他的操守,威武不能使其意志屈服,此为仁人之所为。”

     孟子生活的战国中期礼崩乐坏,社会动荡不安。然而他义无反顾地坚持弘扬道义,认为人们的差别不在于富贵贫贱,而在于能否保持高尚的道德,能否做到“仰不愧于天,俯不怍于人”。认为君子应启迪人们心中的善念而使其归于天理正道,这也正是劝善的真正意义和价值所在。

     office, branch offices jurisdiction , risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: A on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. B customer credit information are not thorough verification. Iii to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. D does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. Five on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage

     office, branch offices jurisdiction , risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: A on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. B customer credit information are not thorough verification. Iii to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. D does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. Five on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage

     office, branch offices jurisdiction , risk management, marketing management sector through supervision and inspection found problems, should be assigned the investigators are corrected in a timely manner. 27th the fifth chapter penalty under any of the following acts, then the relevant provisions to punish the investigators, according to the Bank. To constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility: A on the business that are not involved in the investigation, issued a survey. B customer credit information are not thorough verification. Iii to participate in credit customer survey is not in place, customers and data is incomplete, untrue; he knows bear a counterfeited clients issuing credit. D does not provide for due diligence of credit business, pre-loan investigation form, concealing facts or providing false information or should be found in a normal investigation failed to discover the risk factors, lead to the review and approval policy errors, loan risk. Five on loan guarantees of survey not in place, not by provides on arrived, and pledge real for field verification, and assessment, and identification and registration, not according to provides on guarantor of guarantees qualification and guarantees capacity for survey verified, led to guarantees loan lost authenticity, and legitimacy, and effectiveness of; cycle loan business in the of mortgage

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