巧改实词形态错误 改正下列句子中实词方面的错误
时间：2019-03-12 03:24:22 来源：柠檬阅读网 本文已影响 人 
纵观近几年我省高考英语卷,不难发现短文改错中约有40%的错误属于实词形态错误。本文试对名词的单复数形式,形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级,以及通过后缀改变词性这三个方面的错误作分析。
一、名词的单复数形式
短文改错中的名词单复数使用错误通常是在应使用复数形式的情况下使用了单数形式,如One rainy day while I was walking home with one of my friend (friends), a truck came to a stop besides us (2009年浙江卷);... to write addresses on envelope (envelopes)(2008年浙江卷)。偶尔也有涉及不可数名词的情况,如Your knowledges (knowledge) of Greece can help the whole class (2006年浙江卷)。
修改此类错误时,需对短文中所有名词保持警觉,判断其是否为可数名词是关键。若是可数名词,要根据其所处语境来判断应该用单数还是复数形式,例如,在大于1 的数量词和one of, many of, a number of等短语后的名词应该用复数形式。而(a) little, much, a great deal of等多修饰不可数名词,这些词汇后的名词就不可能用复数形式。当然,像by bus这样的固定搭配还需个别记忆。
二、形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级
不同情况下,是该使用形容词或副词的原级、比较级还是最高级形式是高考改错题的考查要点之一。如I was so encouraged that I ran faster and fast (faster) ...(2007年浙江卷)考查了“比较级+ and +比较级”这一结构;These are the happier (happiest) girls I’ve ever seen ...(2007年全国卷II),句意为“这些是我所见过的最快乐的女孩”,所以happy应用最高级形式;又如A helping hand is always stronger (strong) enough to lift you up(2006年湖北卷),enough前的形容词或副词用原级是固定搭配。
从以上例句分析可以看出,首先应根据句意判断句中形容词或副词应该使用原级、比较级还是最高级,同时还要特别关注常用的固定搭配。比如,在as ... as结构中形容词(副词)常用原级;在than前面或者much, far, a bit, a little等后面的形容词(副词)常用比较级;而形容词(副词)在of all, in the class, in the world, of my life, of the year等短语前或现在完成时的定语从句前则多用最高级。另外,常用比较级的句型还有“the +比较级 ... the +比较级...”,如the sooner ... the better ...。
三、后缀与词性
英语单词的词性常常可以从它的后缀看出。如名词的后缀有-er, -ness, -tion等;形容词的后缀有-ful, -less等;副词的后缀通常是-ly。高考改错题中最常见的是涉及副词后缀-ly的错误。比如,I would easy (easily) finish 300 envelopes in five hours ... (2008年浙江卷); ... so I grateful (gratefully) accepted the offer(2009年浙江卷);I hope that you think about my request and visit us as soon as possibly (possible)(2006年浙江卷)等。
有关词性问题应先分析单词在句中充当的成分,弄清该单词与前后单词的修饰或被修饰关系。一般来说,形容词修饰名词,副词修饰动词和形容词。还有一些特殊情况,如系动词be, get, become, seem, turn等后面跟形容词,而不是副词。此外,要特别注意的是,并非-ly结尾的单词都是副词,像friendly, lovely, lonely等都是形容词,he went lonely这样的表达是错误的,应该改为he went alone。
【牛刀小试】
When you are in a hurry, there is nothing more conveniently than a drive-through. Often written “drive-thru”, these convenience began due to American’s love affair with cars. Company wanted to make it much easy for people to do business without leave their cars. The first bank was opened a drive-through in 1946. Fast-food restaurants following in the late 1940s. Both fast-food restaurants and banks use microphones or speakers to communicate customers. Fast-food customers give their orders from their cars. Then they drive up next to the window in the building to receive their meals. Banking customers receive their cash from an automatic drawer.
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