今年流行毕业时的歌 [又到今年毕业时]

　　For many senior university students, May is a month when thoughts are firmly set on careers. Leaving the world of education and entering the so-called real world of the workplace can be a daunting experience. Many students are curious about the job situation for graduates in foreign countries. They want to know what is this period of change like for their peers in Europe and the US. Is the job market different to China? Do Western students face the same challenges as Chinese? In this issue of Bilingual Experience you can read about job trends for graduates of higher education in the US and Britain.
　　对于许多大四学生来说，五月是一个一门心思谋就业的月份。离开教育领域，进入职场这个所谓的现实世界，是一次令人生畏的经历。许多学生对外国毕业生的就业形势感到好奇。他们想知道，对于欧美的同龄人来说，这个转变期是个什么样子。就业市场是否不同于中国？西方学生面临的挑战是否与中国学生相同？而在本期《体验双语时代》中，你就可以读到有关美国和英国高校毕业生就业趋势的内容。
　　
　　Western Job Trends
　　
　　It is difficult to generalize about job trends in the West. The job market differs from country to country and region to region. Almost all European and North American countries have experienced an intensifying of competition in the job market. More young people participate in third level education than ever before, meaning today"s workforce is more highly educated and better skilled than previous generations. This also means that the value of a university degree is much less than it was before.
　　Another common trend is that the nature of the job market is changing rapidly. Hot jobs can become saturated by the time a student has graduated. A typical example of this is graphic design. In the 1990s this was a popular major with students in Britain. It was believed that there would be a lot of potential in the graphic design market. In recent years, with so many graphic designers hunting so few jobs, graphic design graduates have been known to offer their services for little or no pay, just to get some work experience.
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　　UK Job Market
　　
　　The average starting yearly salary for graduates in Britain is ￡22,000. The highest salaries are paid in London, where the average is ￡25,000 per annum. In 2004, the highest paid jobs were offered by investment banks and legal firms. The lowest paid jobs for graduates were in the media sector. The highest amount of jobs available was in accounting, engineering and teaching.
　　In 2004, only one third of British graduates secured employment that was befitting their qualifications. There doesn"t seem to be enough jobs for graduates. ①To make matters worse, the average British student leaves higher education with debts of ￡10,500. This means that graduates are desperate to find high salaried jobs as quickly as possible, making the competition even worse.
　　U.S. Job Market
　　The job situation for American graduates did not look good from 2000 to 2003 but started to improve from last year. USA Today recently published a list of the top ten jobs for 2005. Based on information from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the jobs that appear on the list are mostly related to health work and computers, which many experts believe will be the best sectors for young people to target for careers for the rest of the decade and beyond. The aging population of America means that there will be a greater demand for health carers. The economy is in the upswing which makes high tech services in more demand too.
　　Top 10 Jobs:
　　10. Physical Therapist Assistants This job requires a minimum of an Associate"s degree. The U.S. pay scale is $27,500 to $41,780 annually.
　　9&8. Computer Software Engineers, Systems Software & Applications Personnel A minimum Bachelor"s degree is required by most employers. Salaries differ from state to state. The national average is $42,000 per annum.
　　7. Physical Therapist Aides PT Aides require relatively little training. Average yearly salaries range from $19,710 to $27,380.
　　
　　6. Medical Records and Health Information Technicians An Associates degree is required for this job. Salaries range from $19,700 to $27,400 annually.
　　5. Home Health Aides This job will see a lot of growth in the next few years. Training is short term and on-the-job. Salaries are considered a little low, however, and rarely exceed $19,600 yearly.
　　4. Social and Human Service Assistants This job involves on-the-job training. Salaries range from $19,700 to $27,380.
　　3. Physician Assistants This position requires a Bachelor"s degree as well as a lot of on-the-job training. Salaries start at $41,820 per annum, and increase with experience.
　　2. Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts Most employers require a minimum of a Bachelor"s degree and some practical work experience. Salaries start at $41,820 per annum.
　　1. Medical Assistants Training is acquired on-the-job. Salaries range from $27,500 to $41,780 per year.
　　Demand is also expected to grow in hospitality, food and fitness services. Hospitality looks particularly promising as the tourism industry rebounds after the post 9/11 slump.
　　
　　Languages
　　
　　Spanish is the most popular foreign language in the U.S. these days. With over 40 million Hispanic Americans, Spanish has become the unofficial second language of the U.S. Furthermore, the Hispanic population is increasing at a much faster rate than any other ethnic group. Accordingly, American employers are eager to hire Spanish speaking candidates. This applies to almost every field of work.
　　In Britain, the most popular choices of foreign languages are French and German. This reflects Britain"s geographical proximity to these two countries and the increasing importance of the job market in the European Union. Even graduates who don"t intend to work abroad study a foreign language. It shows prospective employers that candidates are not culturally arrogant, which is important in a culturally diverse country like Britain.
　　
　　Online Job Search
　　
　　In 2004, almost 25% of university graduates in Britain found their first job online. This is double the amount of 2000. Previously, employers were reluctant to recruit by the internet because they feared being swamped with unsuitable applications. Nonetheless, as more and more job-hunters use the internet to seek jobs, recruiters have been forced to advertise jobs online and try to improve their online services. CV scanning software is used to ②filter out unsuitable applicants, making the recruiter"s job easier. The most popular way of finding a job in Britain is still the traditional word of mouth way.
　　
　　Mc Jobs
　　
　　"Mc Job" is a term used to describe minimum waged, unskilled work with no prospects. This type of work is mostly associated with the service sector (Mc Job is a reference to working in McDonalds or some other fast food restaurants). In a survey carried out in Britain this year, 50% of young people said they would never consider a career in the service sector because of the stigma attached to it.
　　However, in Britain today there is a growing demand for jobs in the service sector, especially in management. Starting salaries can range from ￡17,500 to ￡19,000. Many managerial positions in the service sector also include benefits, such as private healthcare, subsidized restaurants and gym membership, staff discounts. Furthermore, a job in services can involve fulfilling a wide range of roles, thereby offering the candidate a broader experience. As this trend continues to grow, it is expected that British graduates will change their attitudes about service careers.
　　
　　Voluntary Work
　　
　　Many students in the West engage in voluntary work before and after their graduation. Voluntary work, besides giving people the satisfaction of doing something to help others, also benefits the volunteer"s job prospects. Many students who want to have a career in social services need voluntary work experience in order to apply for professional training courses. Other careers also require skills that can be practiced in voluntary projects. Furthermore, employers are impressed by job applicants who have voluntary experience. It indicates that the applicant is not afraid of hard work or challenges.
　　
　　西方的就业趋势
　　
　　对西方的就业趋势做一个归纳概括并非易事。各国和各地的就业市场是有差别的。几乎所有的欧洲和北美国家都经历了就业市场的竞争加剧。与以往相比，有更多的年轻人在接受高等教育，这就意味着与前几代人相比，今天的劳动大军受教育程度更高，技能更强。这还意味着，大学学位的份量比以前要轻多了。
　　另一个常见的趋势是，就业市场的性质正在迅速发生变化。热门职业在学生毕业时可能就已饱和。这种情况的典型事例就是美术设计专业。在20世纪90年代的时候，这在英国是一个备受学生欢迎的专业。美术设计专业曾被认为市场潜力巨大。而近些年来，由于美工太多，职位太少，已经有美术设计专业的毕业生在以低薪或不计报酬的方式来供职了，而这只是为了获得一些工作经验而已。
　　
　　英国就业市场
　　
　　在英国，毕业生的起步年薪平均是2.2万英镑。伦敦的薪金最高，那里的平均水平是每年2.5万英镑。2004年，薪金最高的工作是由投资银行和法律事务所提供的。对毕业生来说，媒体领域的工作薪金最低。而会计、工程和教育领域提供的就业岗位最多。
　　2004年，仅有三分之一的英国毕业生找到了专业对口的工作。适合毕业生的岗位似乎还不够。使事情变得更糟的是，英国学生一般会在完成高等教育时欠下1.05万英镑的（助学款）债务。这就意味着，毕业生会不顾一切地尽快找到高薪工作，从而使竞争更加残酷。
　　
　　美国就业市场
　　
　　从2000年到2003年，美国毕业生的就业形势并不看好，但是从去年起开始好转。《今日美国》最近公布了一份清单，列举了2005年的十大职业。清单上的这些职业是从劳动统计局的数据中归纳出来的，大多和医疗工作、电脑有关，而这些行业在许多专家看来，是适合年轻人在今后十年以及更长的一段时间里来谋职的最好领域。美国人口日趋老龄化，这就意味着对医护人员的需求量会更大。经济在蓬勃发展，这就使对高科技服务的需求量也在加大。
　　
　　十大职业：
　　10.理疗助理 这类工作的学位最低要求是副学士。美国的年薪标准是2.75到4.178万美元。
　　9&8. 电脑软件工程师、系统软件和应用人员 大多数雇主都把学士当作最低的学位要求。各州的薪金是有差别的。全国的平均水平是每年4.2万美元。
　　7. 助理理疗师 助理理疗师需要接受的培训相对较少。年薪一般在1.971到2.738万美元之间。
　　6. 医学记录和健康信息技师 这类工作要求具有副学士学位。年薪在1.97到2.74万美元之间。
　　5.家庭健康助理 这类工作在未来几年内将会大量增加。培训用时短，以在职方式进行。不过，薪金被认为偏低，而且很少会超过每年1.96万美元的水平。
　　4. 社会和民众服务助理 这类工作需要进行在职培训。薪金在1.97到2.738万美元之间。
　　3. 医师助理 这一职位要求具有学士学位并要求进行大量在职培训。起步年薪是4.182万美元，并会随着经验的增加而上涨。
　　2. 网络系统和数据通信分析师 大多数雇主对学位的最低要求是学士，并要求具有一些实际工作经验。起步年薪是4.182万美元。
　　1. 医学助理 培训以在职方式进行。年薪在2.75到4.178万美元之间。
　　在接待服务、餐饮和健身等行业，（岗位）需求量预计也会出现增长。由于旅游业在经历了911事件造成的萧条之后出现了反弹，所以接待服务业看起来尤具发展前途。
　　外语
　　今天，西班牙语在美国是最受欢迎的外语。由于西班牙裔美国人超过了4000万，所以西班牙语已经成为美国非官方性质的第二大语言。而且，西班牙裔人口目前的增长速度要远远高于其他种族。因此，美国的雇主热衷于招聘讲西班牙语的应征者。这种现象几乎遍及所有从业领域。
　　在英国，最受欢迎的外语选修语种是法语和德语。这反映出英国与这两个国家在地理上的相近性，以及欧盟就业市场的日益重要。即使是那些没有打算在外国就业的毕业生，也会学习一门外语。而应征者以此向未来的雇主表明了，他们没有文化优越性，而这一点在英国之类的多元文化国家中是重要的。
　　
　　网上求职
　　
　　2004年，在英国将近有25%的毕业生在网上找到了他们的第一份工作。这一数字是2000年的两倍。以前，雇主不愿使用互联网来进行招聘，因为他们害怕穷于应付不合格的申请。然而，由于越来越多的求职者在使用互联网来找工作，所以招聘方被迫在网上刊登招聘广告，并试图改善他们的网络服务。简历扫描软件被用来过滤不合格的应征者，使招聘方的工作更加便利。但英国最流行的求职方式仍旧是相互转告的传统形式。
　　杂工
　　“Mc Job”是一个术语，用来形容那种薪金最低、无需技能且没有前途的工作。这类工作大多与服务领域有关（“Mc Job”指的就是在麦当劳或其它一些快餐店打工）。在英国今年进行的一次调查中，有50%的年轻人说他们绝不会考虑在服务领域谋职，因为这么做会有失颜面。
　　然而，在今日的英国，对服务领域的工作，尤其是管理方面的，需求量在呈上升趋势。起步薪金可达1.75到1.9万英镑。服务领域的许多管理岗位也是包括福利的，如个人医疗、餐补、健身会员资格和员工折扣价。而且，服务性工作可能在众多岗位上都有所涉及，因此为应征者提供了更为宽广的经验。随着这一趋势在继续加大，英国的毕业生预计会改变他们对待服务性工作的态度。
　　
　　义务工作
　　
　　在西方，许多学生在毕业之前和之后都会从事义务工作。义务工作除了可以使人们从做事助人中得到满足外，对志愿者的就业前景也是有好处的。许多想要从事社会服务工作的学生，需要获得从事义务工作的经验，以便申请参加专业的培训课程。而其它职业也对那些可以在义工项目中得到锻炼的技能有所要求。此外，雇主会对那些拥有义工经历的应聘者印象深刻。因为这一经历就是在表明，应聘者不怕苦活，不畏挑战。