英语语法系统化总结
时间：2020-10-23 08:39:48 来源：柠檬阅读网 本文已影响 人 
英语语法系统化总结
1. 英语句子结构总结：
1）简单句：
主+谓+宾（主干）
辅助成分—— 状语（副词，或词组），定语（形容词，或词组）
补语：（主补、宾补）
I’m a teacher (主补).
The sun rises red. (主补)
We call her Mary. (宾补)
I saw him in the classroom just now.(宾补)
He made me happy. (宾补)
I see her walking in the street. (宾补)
I saw him beaten by his father. (宾补)
I hope you to be a doctor. (宾补)
2）复杂句：
⑴ 并列句：（由连词连接的两个或两个以上的句子）
连词: and, but, or, both…and…, either…or…, neither… nor…, not only… but also…, no sooner… than, not… until…, as… as…, more… than, no more… than…, etc.
⑵ 主从句：（主句 + 从句）
从句：
名词性从句—（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句，）that
形容词性从句—（定语从句,
引导词: that, which, who, whom, when, where
副词性从句—（状语从句）
引导词: when, as, while, before, after, because, so, since, if, even if, although, though, as soon as, as long as, now that, in case that, lest that, for fear than, no matter + wh- , etc.
doing or being 作为现在分词引导伴随状语从句
独立主格结构
例句：
1) Usually (being) very agreeable, he now quit speaking altogether and on amount of words could penetrate the vacant expression he wore on his face.
2) Caring for someone who loves as deeply and appreciates my efforts as much as Jimmy does has enriched my life more than anything else ever could have.
3) When someone does sth for you, no matter how small and no matter whether he is superior or inferior, it is proper to say “Thank you”.
4) The iron content of tomato sauce cooked in an iron pot for three hours showed a striking increase, the level going up nearly 30 times.
5) Athletes in high-impact sports (such as running) may also lose iron through a phenomenon where(=in which可看成为引导定语从句) small blood vessels in the feet leak blood.
2. 非谓语动词：
1）动名词 (动词当名词用)：（doing or being）
可作主语、宾语（动词+ doing）
2）分词：
现在分词（动词的ing形式: doing or being）
过去分词（动词的ed形式: done or been）
可作定语、宾补、表语和引导状语从句
例句：
Learning English on line is quite difficult to me. (主语)
I want going shopping now. （宾语）
Do you mind my smoking? （宾语）
I hear you cursing at your brother just now. （宾补）
The little girl playing there is my sister.（定语）
I visited the site named after the man. （定语）
Playing basketball is interesting. （表语）
I’m interested in sports. （表语）
I stand here, watching you. （引导伴随状语从句）
Followed by a strange man, I was scared and went ahead quickly. （引导伴随状语从句）
3）动词不定式（to do或不带to的不定式）
可作宾语、宾补、定语、状语
（1）作宾语和宾补
v. + (to) do or not (to) do （宾语）
不带to的动词多数为感官动词，还有（make, let, have, leave, etc）
v.+ wh- + to do（宾语）
v.+ sb + (to) do（宾补）
v.+ it+ adj. + to do（宾补）
v. + n. + (to) do（宾补）
（2）作定语：
He is the last one to leave.
I have a lot to learn.
（3）作状语：（目的、结果、原因、
adj. + to do — be ready/glad/.. to do….）
3. 虚拟语气：
1）wish (=if only) 后的that 从句（虚拟）
Eg. I wish (that) I had done…..
I wish (that) I were ……
I wish (that) I would ……
2) would rather + that 从句（过去时）表示不是事实（虚拟）
It’s (high) time that 从句（过去时）
3）as if 虚拟：He talked as if he knew the address.
事实：He looks as if he is going to be ill.
4) could /should /ought to + have done ① 本可以做，实际没做。
Must /might /may + have done ② 对过去行为的推测。
5）有条件句的虚拟语气（注意时态的混用）
Eg. If I had had the house, I would have done…..
If I had the house, I would do…..
If he were …., he would do…..
注：If 的代用语及省略
4. 情态：
1）总体分类
在传统语法中，情态就是一系列情态助动词所表达的意义。系统功能语言学认为情态一般由下列方式来表达：
（1) 情态助动词，(如: may, can, must, shall, will, could, might, should, would, need, dare等）
（2）情态附加成分，(如: already, still, yet, soon等与时态有关, not, so, yes, no与归向极有关, of course, surely, absolutely, actually 等与语气有关，以及评注性附加成分：unfortunately, hopefully等）
（3）谓语的扩展，(如: be supposed to, be obliged to, be anxious to）
（4）情态隐喻：第一人称代词为载体，(如: I think, I guess, I believe, I’m sure 等)
非第一人称代词载体，（如: It’s obvious, It’s required, Everyone admits that…等）
（5）情态名物化结构，(如: There’s a possibility that…, There’s a certainty that…等）
（6）介词短语，(如: in my opinion, to my mind, in all probability, to some degree等）
2）情态词值高低
所有的情态表达方式都存在值高值低的问题。就情态助动词来说，可以根据其所表示意义的强弱程度将它们归入不同的类型。主情态动词，如will, shall, can, may 比其“过去形式”表示的意义要强烈一些，其值就相应高一些；而must和have to没有过去形式，则不存在这样的划分，但它们的意义最强烈，因而所含的值最高。
高 中 低 Must
Have to Will
shall Would
Should/ought to Can
may Could
might 情态隐喻也存在值高低的问题，比如在我们常用的表达方式中，I think的情态值居中, I believe的值最高，I guess最低。值高的语气最为强烈，表明说话人的肯定和武断，给受话人留下的余地微乎其微；而值低的意义仅表示说话人的猜想而已，语气最为温和。
在言语交流中，情态值的高低同礼貌程度有密切的关系。从以上的分析表明，情态值越高，说话人对于命题所持的态度就越趋于肯定。相反，情态值越低，话语的语气就越委婉，受话人对是否顺从于发话人的意志就有较大的选择余地，这就相当于常说的给别人一点面子。
