[非谓语动词作状语考点释疑]非谓语动词做状语
时间：2019-03-11 03:26:12 来源：柠檬阅读网 本文已影响 人 
非谓语动词作状语是很多同学难以把握的知识点，近年来时常在高考试卷上出现。下面笔者结合例题，讨论动词不定式、现在分词和过去分词这三类非谓语动词作状语的用法。
一、 动词不定式作状语
1. 动词不定式作目的状语
动词不定式表目的时，通常只用动词不定式的基本形式（to do）来表示，可以出现在句首或句尾，其逻辑主语就是全句的主语。为表示强调，可在动词不定式前加上in order或so as，构成so as (not) to和in order (not) to的结构。
例1______ more about university courses， call (920) 746-3789.
A. To find out
B. Finding out
C. Find out
D. Having found out
解析： 答案为A。本句意为：想要了解大学课程的相关事宜，请致电(920) 746-3789。显然，句首的不定式短语表示目的。
例2All these gifts must be mailed immediatelyin time for Christmas.
A. in order to have received
B. in order to receive
C. so as to be received
D. so as to be receiving
解析： 答案为C。句意为：所有的礼物必须马上寄出，以便在圣诞节能及时收到。句中的不定式短语表示目的。
2． 动词不定式作结果状语
动词不定式表示结果时，通常用基本形式，且总是出现在句尾，其逻辑主语就是句子的主语。另外，enough to，too...to，so...as to结构中的动词不定式也是作结果状语。
例3The news reporters hurried to the airport, only ______ the film stars had left.
A. to tellB. to be told
C. telling D. told
解析： 答案为B。句意为：新闻记者匆匆赶到机场，结果被告知电影明星们已经走了。很显然，逗号后是表示结果的动词不定式。
二、 现在分词作状语
从答题角度看，不管现在分词在句中作什么成分，只要把握住两点，即现在分词与其逻辑主语的语态关系（主动或被动），以及现在分词的动作与谓语的动作的先后关系。比如，现在分词的动作若先于谓语动词的动作发生，则用其完成形式：having done（表主动）或having been done（表被动）。
1． 现在分词作原因状语
一般情况下，现在分词用于句首表原因时，用其基本形式（doing），表示谓语动词的动作发生时的状态或情况。
例４ ______ his phone number, I wasn’t able to ring him.
A. Not knowing
B. Not to have known
C. Not being known
D. Not to be known
解析： 答案为A。句意为：当时因为不知道他的电话号码，我无法给他打电话。“不知道他的电话号码”和“我无法给他打电话”是同时存在的状况，前者是后者的原因，动词know 与其逻辑主语I是主动关系，故选A。
2. 现在分词作时间状语
（1） 一般来讲，现在分词的基本形式作时间状语时，其动作和谓语的动作同时进行。
例5 ______， he began to cut new wood for the window frame.
A. To whistle
B. To be whistling
C. Whistling
D. Having whistled
解析： 答案为C。句意为：吹着口哨，他开始砍新的木头做窗框。句中的现在分词whistling和谓语动词cut 的动作同时发生。
现在分词作时间状语时，有时表示发生在谓语的动作之前的动作，但由于这两个动作紧接着发生，所以采用现在分词的基本形式。
例6______ the newspaper, he walked over to the window.
A. Put down
B. To have put down
C. Being put down
D. Putting down
解析： 答案为D。句意为：放下报纸后他走到了窗边。虽然现在分词的动作先于谓语动词walked发生，但因两者是紧接着发生的，所以用现在分词的基本形式更自然。
（2） 现在分词的完成形式（having done）作时间状语时，通常用于句首，表示发生在谓语之前的动作。
例7 ______ abroad, I missed the election.
A. To be
B. To have been
C. Having been
D. Been
解析： 答案为C。句意为：因为之前我在国外，所以错过了选举。句中的现在分词完成形式表示其动作跟谓语动词之间存在明显的先后关系。如果表示“选举时我在国外”的意思，则可以用现在分词的基本形式，即Being abroad。
3． 现在分词作方式状语
现在分词作方式状语时，修饰谓语动词，起副词的作用。
例8They came into the classroom ______.
A. talked and laughed
B. talking and laughing
C. to talk and laugh
D. having talked and laughed
解析： 答案为B。本句意为：他们谈笑着走进了教室。句中的现在分词短语talking and laughing跟谓语的动作同时发生，相当于副词，修饰谓语。
4． 现在分词作结果状语
现在分词作结果状语时，置于句末，通常用其基本形式，有逗号与前面的句子分开。
例9It rained for two weeks on end， completely ______ our holiday.
A. ruining
B. having ruined
C. to ruin
D. to be ruined
解析： 答案为A。句意为：雨持续地下了两个星期，完全毁掉了我们的假期。ruining our holiday显然是rained的结果，发生在rained之后。
有时，现在分词前有thus，thereby等表示因果关系的副词，以强调其与前句之间的因果关系。
例10A number of new machines were installed in the factory, thus resulting in an increase in production. 工厂安装了许多新机器，因此提高了产量。
5． 现在分词的习惯用法
有些现在分词短语的用法不符合“现在分词与其逻辑主语是主动关系”这一语法规则，应作为固定短语来记忆和应用。
例11Strictly speaking, you ought to sign the visitors’ book before entering theclub. 严格地说，你在进入本俱乐部前要在来客登记簿上签名。
例12Judging from his expression, he’s in a bad mood. 根据他的表情判断，他心情不好。
例13Considering everything, it wasn’t a bad holiday. 考虑到方方面面的事情，这个假期不错。
例14Supposingthere was a war, what would you do? 假如发生战争，你怎么办？
例15Taking everything into consideration, they ought to get another chance. 考虑到各种因素，他们应该再有一次机会。
三、过去分词作状语
过去分词作状语，可以看成是状语从句的简化形式。有时为了明确逻辑关系，过去分词前面可以加连词。
例16Dogs, when ______， make themselves smaller and whimper like puppies.
A. threatening
B. threatened
C. to threaten
D. having threatened
解析： 答案为B。本句意为：大狗在受到威胁时会缩小身体并像小狗一样呜呜地叫。when threatened可以看成是时间状语从句when they are threatened的简化形式。
过去分词可以与现在分词的被动语态互换。《贺氏英语语法大全》对此解释如下：现在分词的完成式是被动语态时，即 having been + p.p.（过去分词）的形式时，如果不需要特别强调这一动作发生在先，其中having been可以省略，只剩下过去分词。对此，可以这样理解：having been done侧重于时间先后，而done侧重于原因。
例17 ______ abroad, he was versed in all the arts and sciences of the West.
A. Educating
B. Having educated
C. Educated
D. To be educated
解析： 答案为C。本句意为：因为他是在国外受的教育，所以精通西方艺术和科学。句中过去分词educated侧重表示原因，如果要强调“在国外受教育”这个过程先于“精通西方艺术和科学”发生，也可用having been educated。
四、 练一练
1. ______， men can run faster than women.
A. Speak generally
B. Speaking generally
C. To speak generally
D. Generally speaking
2．We came home after our holidays ______ the house neat and tidy.
A. to find
B. to have found
C. finding
D. having found
3. ______ many times， the house is still in good condition.
A. Being repaired
B. Having been repaired
C. To be repaired
D. To have been repaired
4. ______ fatherless in early childhood he was brought up by his uncle.
A. To have left
B. To be left
C. Having been left
D. Having left
5. ______ for many years， the painting turned up at an auction.
A. Lost
B. Having lost
C. To be lost
D. To have been lost
6. ______ with milk and sugar， it makes delicious breakfast.
A. Serving B. To serve
C. To be servedD. Served
7. They sent us the statement，
______ to get our support.
A. to hope B. hoping
C. to have hoped D.hoped
8．After ______ for an hour in the shower room, we were placed in separate cells.
A. leftB. being left
C. leavingD. having left
9．______ from a distance， it resembled a cloud.
A. Viewed
B. Viewing
C. To view
D. To be viewed
10．With Peter ______ in Birmingham, and Lucy ________ most of the week, the house seems pretty empty.
A. works... travels
B. working... travelling
C. worked... travelled
D. to work... to travel
