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    【现在完成时“三步”】 现在完成时

    时间:2019-01-25 04:07:28 来源:柠檬阅读网 本文已影响 柠檬阅读网手机站

      现在完成时是初中英语中难度较大却又十分重要的语法项目,中考英语试题中也常常涉及这一时态。下   面分三步来深入地剖析现在完成时。      第一步:看“标志”,定时态
      
      一般情况下,句子的时态可以根据句中的一些标志性的词或词组来确定,现在完成时也不例外。根据以下词或短语,可以确定句子要用现在完成时。
      1. 常出现在句首的“标志”
      so far(到目前为止)
      如:
      So far we have learned more than 2000 words.
      到目前为止,我们已经学了两千多个单词了。
      2. 常出现在句中的“标志”
      ①ever(曾经)
      常用于疑问句中。如:
      Have you ever been there before?
      你以前去过那儿吗?
      ②never(从来没有)
      一般用于否定句中。如:
      I have never seen such beautiful flowers.
      我从来没见过这么漂亮的花。
      ③already(已经)
      用于肯定句中。如:
      I have already finished my work.
      我已经完成了我的工作。
      already有时也出现在句末。如:
      He has seen that film twice already.
      那部电影他已经看过两遍了。
      already还可用在疑问句中,表示感到惊讶或意外。如:
      Have you eaten your dinner already?
      你已经吃过饭了?(比想象的要早)
      ④just(刚刚)
      如:
      She has just left the classroom.
      她刚刚离开教室。
      3. 常出现在句末的“标志”
      ①ever since(自从那时起)
      如:
      They have worked in that hospital ever since.
      自从那时起,他们一直在那家医院工作。
      ②before(以前)
      如:
      I’ve never seen such an interesting book before.
      以前我从未看过如此有趣的书。
      ③yet(已经;还,尚)
      yet用于疑问句中,表示“已经”;用于否定句中,表示“还,尚”。如:
      Have you found my wallet yet?
      你已经找到我的钱包了吗?
      He has not come yet.
      他还没来。
      ④these days(这些天)
      如:
      They have been surfing these days.
      这些天他们一直在冲浪。
      4.since + 时间点
      如:
      I have known him since 20 years ago.
      我自从二十年前就认识他。
      for + 时间段
      如:
      We have worked here for 6 years.
      我们已经在这里工作六年了。
      现在完成时属于现在时态,所以也可以和now, today, this morning, by now, up to now, recently, lately等表示现在的时间状语连用。如:
      We have had three lessons this morning.
      今天上午我们已经上了三节课了。
      
      第二步:明确时态构成
      
      现在完成时的基本构成是:主语 + have / has + 过去分词。在使用这一时态时,要特别注意以下两点。
      (1)主语的人称和数决定助动词have / has的人称和数。
      当主语是he, she, it, my brother, Lucy等第三人称单数形式时,助动词用has;当主语是其他形式时,助动词用have。如:
      The man with a dog has gone.
      带着一条狗的那个人已经走了。
      Nobody has been there before.
      以前从没有人去过那里。
      My brothers have gone to that village.
      我的兄弟们已经去那个村子了。
      (2)现在完成时变为否定式和疑问式的变化规律。
      否定式的一般构成方式为:主语+ have / has + not + 过去分词+ ... .
      一般疑问式的构成方式为:Have / Has +主语+过去分词+ ...?
      特殊疑问式的构成方式为:疑问词+ have / has +过去分词+ ...?
      如:
      They have not finished their work yet.
      他们还没完成他们的工作呢。
      Has his parent told him not to be late for school?
      他的家长告诉过他上学不要迟到吗?
      Who has borrowed 3 books from the school library?
      谁已经从学校图书馆借过三本书了?
      
      第三步:难点解析
      
      现在完成时可以表达三种意思。
      (1)已经做完了某事。
      如:
      He has killed hundreds of dogs.
      他已经杀了数百条狗了。
      We have finished our homework on time.
      我们已经按时完成了家庭作业。
      (2)过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。
      如:
      I have had breakfast.
      我已经吃过早饭了。(我现在不饿)
      ―Where is Tom?
      ―He has gone to No.1 Middle School.
      ――汤姆在哪儿?
      ――他已经去一中了。 (他现在不在这里)
      (3)动作开始于过去并一直持续到现在。
      表达此含意的句子必须满足以下两个条件。
      ①谓语动词是延续性动词或系表结构。
      ②句子中有一个由for, since或ever since引导的时间状语。
      如:
      We have known each other for two years.
      我们俩已经认识两年了。
      We have known each other since he moved here.
      自从他搬到这儿来,我们俩就认识了。
      They have been good friends ever since.
      从那时起,他们就是好朋友了。
      表达这种意思的时候,现在完成时的用法与现在完成进行时的用法非常接近。如:
      He has worked in that hospital since he came here last year.
      = He has been working in that hospital since he came here last year.
      自从他去年到这儿,他就一直在那家医院工作。(他现在仍在那里工作)
      They have sat there for half an hour.
      = They have been sitting there for half an hour.
      他们已经在那儿坐了半小时了。(他们现在仍坐在那里)
      类似用法的动词还有study, teach等。
      如果用非延续性动词作现在完成时的谓语,则句中不可以有由for或since引导的时间状语。另外,非延续性动词也不可以用于以how long开头的特殊疑问句中。如:
      He has died. ( √)
      He has died for 1 year. ( ×)
      How long has he been here?( √)
      How long has he lived here? ( ×)
      若句子中有由for或since引导的时间状语,可以通过转换的方法来正确地进行表达,一般情况下,可以采取以下三种方法。
      方法一:换词
      用意思相同的延续性动词替代非延续性动词。如:
      
      方法二:换结构
      用表示状态的系表结构(be + adj. / adv.)替代非延续性动词。如:
      
      
      方法三:换句式
      用句式“It is +一段时间+ since + 从句”来表示动作的延续状态。如:
      It’s about two weeks since I came back from Beijing.
      我从北京回来已经有大约两周的时间了。
      [过关验收]
      1. ―How long have you ____ China?
      ―For three years.
      A. come back B. returned
      C. left D. been away from
      2. ―Have you mended your shoes, Bob?
      ―Yes,I ____ them twenty minutes ago.
      A. have mended B. mend
      C. had mended D. mended
      3. Thestudentsaresorrytohearthatthefamous singer ____ for half an hour.
       A. has left B. has gone
       C. has been away D. has gone away
      4. ―What are you going to do this weekend?
      ―I ____ yet.
      A. haven’t decided B. won’t decide
      C. have decided D. didn’t decide
      5. ―How long ____ you ____ here?
      ―For about two years so far.
      A. have; studied B. did; live
      C. do; stay D. were; swimming
      6. ―Have you ever been anywhere for a trip?
       ―A trip? I ____ away from my hometown even once.
      A. went B. have gone
      C. have never been D. have been
      7. ― ____ you ____ the football match yesterday?
      ―Yes, I did. It was great.
      A. Did; seeB. Have; seen
      C. Will; see D. Were; seen
       8. ―Did you notice him come in?
      ―No. I ____ a football game.
      A. have watched B. had watched
      C. am watching D. was watching
      9. How time flies, ten years ____ passed.
      A. have B. hasC. is D. are
      答案:
      1. D 2. D 3. C 4. A 5. A 6. C 7. A8. D9. B
      (责任编辑 李爱京)

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