中国新能源发展前景和趋势【完整版】

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中国新能源的发展前景和趋势4篇

【篇1】中国新能源的发展前景和趋势

浅谈新能源发电及其发展前景

由于20 世纪70 年代石油危机的爆发，风力发电作为新能源得到各国政府大力的支持和飞速的发展，随着科技的不断进步新能源发电已经覆盖到风力、光伏和海洋能等等。而在一些发达国家，新能源发电技术现在已经成了他们解决电力系统问题的一种必不可少的手段。新能源指风能、太阳能及海洋能等正处于开发研究阶段有待推广的能源。它具有污染小、储量大的特点。如今新能源发电技术已经成为应对能源危机和环境问题的必要选择。
1 风能
1．1 风力发电
儿童所玩的纸质风车便是风力发电原理雏形，它利用空气的流动使风车叶片旋转从而将将动能转化为机械能。风力发电设备由风轮、机舱、塔架和基础构成。风轮是风力发电机的主要部件，由两片或其以上的螺旋桨性叶轮构成，要求其材料具有高强度、质量轻的特点来适应野外的风场环境。根据当前的风车技术，以每秒三公尺的微风速度就可以推动发电，而实际中为了提高风轮的转速，将其转轴与增速机相连，让它带动发电机发电。机舱是由底盘、整流罩和机舱罩三部分组成，底盘上有机组发电系统，变桨矩系统及偏航系统等部件组成，机舱罩后上方装有风速和风向传感器，舱壁上有隔音器和通风装置等部件。塔架与机舱底部相连支撑机舱，塔架上有发电机和主控制器之间的动力电缆、控制电缆、通信电缆等等，为了获取一定强度和均匀的风力，一般将铁塔修建的比较高，具体高度依据风轮的直径和地面物体对风速的影响而定。基础用钢筋混凝土结构制成，上面安放塔架，基础四周设置防雷击的接地装置。
1．2 风力发电前景
风能的利用具有悠久的历史，早在19 世纪90 年代风力发电便在丹麦出现，成为解决传统输电线路到达不了的地区用电问题，可见早在100 多年以前人类就意识到风能的利用问题。据研究以9 米每秒的风速作用于物体能产生大约98N 的力，20米每秒的烈风能产生大约500N 的力，可以想象风力中蕴藏着巨大的潜在能量。我国西北戈壁地区、华北以及东北的草原地带、东南沿海及岛屿附近有着丰富的风力资源，同时我国的东部海岸线浅海域地区风力稳定，具备建立海上风电场的潜力。
2 太阳能
2．1 光伏发电
太阳能光伏发电的基本原理是1839 年法国科学家贝克勒尔发现的光生伏打效应，其主要利用半导体材料的结构特性和光学特性，能够在光照下吸收特定波长段内光的能量并将之用来激发自由电子和空穴对，自由电子和空穴的定向扩散运动会产生电动势和电能。目前光伏发电系统有并网型、分布式和独立式光伏发电系统，其一般结构由太阳能电池组件、逆变器、防反冲二极管、变压器和支架结构等组成。太阳能电池单体是光电转换的核心部件其在太阳辐射的条件下，它能将太阳能转化为直流电并且稳定输出，工作电流约为20mA 每平方厘米而电压约为0．5V。逆变器通过半导体功率开关的开通和关断作用，能把太阳能电池组件产生的直流电转化为交流电。防反冲二极管作用是防止太阳能电池方阵在没有太阳辐射条件下，如夜晚不发电时或出现短路故障时，电池组通过太阳能电池方阵放电。变压器能够将发电系统的电压转化为要求电压等级，确保电能传送的距离。支架结构一般由不锈钢或者铝合金材料制成，它能保证太阳能电池组的倾角朝向问题同时能够避免一些恶劣天气对发电系统的影响。
2．2 光伏发电前景
据统计每年地表接受的太阳辐射能量达17 万亿千瓦，而2016 世界的能源消耗为4850 亿千瓦，可以看出太阳能光伏发电的利用对能源供给具有重要的作用。我国面积广阔，70%的土地年均太阳辐射量占总时长的20%以上，再加之西部地区地形广袤，居民居住地较为分散，对太阳能的采集与利用提供了便利的条件。其次太阳能光伏发电具有相当高的安全性，发电过程无噪声、无污染，同时无需考虑机械部件的转动问题，这样大大降低了它的维修成本。
3 海洋能
3．1 潮汐发电
地球表面大部分是海水，它接受太阳或其他星球的辐射较多。因此海水通过各种物理或化学变化将太阳的大部分能量以潮汐、温差、波浪、海流等能量形式依附于海水之中。由于目前潮汐发电技术比较成熟，本文以潮汐能举例: 海水的垂直涨落运动称为潮汐( 位能) ，其多发生在长几十千米的河流和海湾的端处。海水水平运动叫潮流( 动能) ，其多出现在一些群岛的海峡和海湾狭小的入口处，而它的流速会受到海底地形和海岸的形状影响。人们通常把海水周期性的垂直涨落和水平运动中所包含的机械能统称为潮汐能。潮汐发电必须具备两个前提条件: 第一所地区海水涨落的幅度不能小，至少要有几米; 第二海岸地形必须确保储蓄大量海水，同时能够进行大型的建筑工程。即区域蕴有足够大的潮汐能是十分重要的。潮汐发电，就是利用海水涨落及其造成的水位差来推动水轮机，再由水轮机带动发电机发电。如果建一条大坝，把靠海的河口与临近的海湾隔开，形成一个天然的水库，在大坝中留一个豁口，安装上水轮发电机组，那么涨潮时海水从大海流进水库，冲击水轮机转动，从而带动发电机发电; 而在落潮时，海水又从水库流进大海，则又可从相反的方向带动发电机组发电。这样海水一涨一落电站就可以源源不断地发出电来。
3．2 潮汐能发电前景
海洋占地球面积的71%，据联合国教科文组织提供的数据全球可利用的海洋能源高达800 亿千瓦，完全能满足2016 全球消耗的总能量。我国具有得天独厚的海洋资源，1．8 万公里的大陆海岸线和1．4 万公里的岛屿海岸线。其中我国海岸地区由平原型和基岩港湾型海岸组成，前者岸线平直，潮差小，由淤泥或粉砂构成; 后者海岸坡度陡，岸线曲折，适合潮汐电站的选址，而其主要分布于杭州湾以南地区。
4 结语
本文简单的介绍了几种新能源发电的技术，笔者相信随着化石燃料的消耗以及环境污染的不断加重，未来新能源发电技术前景一片大好。

【篇2】中国新能源的发展前景和趋势

中国未来新能源发展趋势
作者：张力军
来源：《高中生·青春励志》2013年第04期

        新能源作为传统能源的补充，可有效降低环境污染。中国可再生能源和新能源开发利用虽然起步较晚，但近年来也以年均超过25%的速度增长。

        中国在新能源和可再生能源的开发利用方面已经取得显著进展，技术水平有了很大提高，产业化已粗具规模。生物质能、核能、地热能、氢能、海洋能等新能源发展潜力巨大，近年来得到较大发展。中国未来新能源发展有以下几个主要趋势：

        一是大力发展太阳能。太阳能的利用主要是指太阳能光伏发电和太阳能电池。

        在光伏发电方面，中国仍处于起步阶段，发展水平远远落后于经济发达国家，但随着中国国内光伏产业规模逐步扩大、技术逐步提升，光伏发电成本会逐步下降，未来中国国内光伏容量将大幅增加。按照《可再生能源发展“十二五”规划》提出的目标，未来5年内中国太阳能屋顶电站装机规模将为现有规模的10倍。

        在太阳能电池方面，近年来，中国太阳能电池制造业通过引进、消化、吸收和再创新，获得了长足发展。中国已在太阳能电池生产制造方面取得很大进展，也将成为使用太阳能的大市场。

        二是大力发展风能。中国风能储量很大、分布面广，开发利用潜力巨大。“十一五”期间，中国的并网风电得到迅速发展。2011年中国累计风电装机容量再创新高，海上风电大规模开发也正式起步。“十二五”期间，中国风电产业将继续保持每年10 000兆瓦以上的新增装机速度。风电场建设、并网发电、风电设备制造等领域成为投资热点，市场前景看好。

        三是大力发展水能。目前，中国不但是世界水电装机第一大国，也是世界上水电装机在建规模最大、发展速度最快的国家之一。随着中国经济进入新的发展时期，加快西部水力资源开发、实现西电东送，对于解决国民经济发展中的能源短缺问题、改善生态环境、促进区域经济的协调和可持续发展，无疑会发挥极其重要的作用。

【篇3】中国新能源的发展前景和趋势

中国新能源行业的法律现状与发展前景(1
发布日期：2011-04-08
YangYang
AttorneyatLaw,GrandfieldLawOfficeIDRIVINGFACTORS
DrivingfactorsfordevelopingrenewableenergyinChinaincludesgovernmentmandates,dwindlingfossilfuelreserves,theneedtoincreaseenergysecurity,climatechange,andthedesiretocreateneweconomicopportunitiesandmarketsarethedrivingfactorsforincreasingrenewableenergyproduction.
GovernmentMandates.TheChinesegovernmenthasrecentlyestablishedlawsthatsetambitioustargetsfordevelopingrenewableenergyresources.GovernmenttargetsarethemostimportantfactorsdrivingthedevelopmentofanysectorinChinagiventheintricaterolestateplanninghasinthedevelopmentofChina"seconomicmarkets.TheChinesegovernmentfirstestablishedtargetsfordevelopingrenewable
energyresourcesthroughtheRenewableEnergyLaw,whichthegovernmentpassedinFebruary2005.Pursuanttothislaw,thegovernmentissuedanumberofpertinentnewrulesandcriteria.TheseincludeissuingtheMid-toLong-termDevelopmentPlanforRenewableEnergyin2007,aswellasthe11thFive-YearPlan.Thesebothhavetheobjectiveofincreasingrenewableenergy’sshareoftotalprimaryenergy.Underthe11thFive-YearPlan,renewableenergy’sshareoftotalprimaryenergyistoincreasefrom7.5percentin2005,to10percentin2010,andthento15percentin2020.Currently,theChinese

governmentisupdatingtherenewableenergytargetsinits12thupdatetotheFive-YearPlanandisexpectedtofurtherincreasethetargetforrenewableenergy’sshareoftotalprimaryenergy.TheseambitioustargetsaddressChina’schallengetosatisfythecountry’srapidlyincreasingdemandforenergy.Overthepasttwodecades,Chinahassustainedrapidandcontinuouseconomicdevelopment,andthishighrateofgrowthisexpectedtocontinueduringthenextfiveyears.Duetothisrapideconomicgrowth,Chinacurrentlyfacesapotentialshortfallintraditionalenergyresources.Chinaishighlydependentoncoal,whichprovidesalmost70percentofChina’sprimaryenergy.WhileChinaisrelativelyrichinfossilfuelreserves,itsreservesoftraditionalfossilenergyresourcesarelowerthantheaveragelevelacrosstheworldonapercapitabasis.ThismeansthatevenifChinamanagestosticktoitsminimumtargets,thegovernmentwillnotbeabletorelyindefinitelyontraditionalfossilfuelresourcestofulfillitsnationalenergyneeds.Thescale-upofrenewableenergywillrequireagradualtransitionfromanenergysupplyinfrastructurethatisheavilyfossil-basedtoasystemthatismuchmorefocusedonrenewableenergy.RenewableenergyresourcesareabundantinChina:Two-thirdsofChina’sterritoryenjoysrichsolarenergy,withtotalsolarradiationperunitareaofover5GJpersquaremeterwhichisaround1.7trilliontonsofcoalequivalent(TCEsolarenergyabsorbedbytheearth’ssurface.Thenationalpotentialforwindpoweris3,200GW,withanimmediatelyexploitablewindpotentialofatleast1,000GW.Basedontheexperienceofadvancedwind-poweruserssuchasGermany,Spain,andDenmark,China’slong-termwindpowercapacitymayevensurpass3,000GW.Theestimatedtechnicallyexploitablecapacityofoceanenergyis400-500GW.Futurereservesofgeothermalenergyareestimatedat135.3billionTCE,andprovenreservesarealreadyat3.16billionTCE.Existingbiomassresourcesincludingstraw,forestresidues,organic

MSW,andindustrialorganicwastescanprovide700milliontceworthofenergy,andthisnumbercouldbedoubledbyimprovingbreedingandextendingenergycrops.
Airandwaterpollution.Havingexploitedfossilfuelresources,especiallycoal,inanintensivemanner,China’seconomicgrowthhasbeenaccompaniedbyworseningairandwaterpollution.Thispresentsaseriousthreattotheenvironmentandthehealthofthepeople.Duetotheheavyrelianceoncoal,energyproductionhasresultedinsevereenvironmentalproblems.Morethantwo-thirds(70percentofparticleemissionscomefromcoal-firedpowergenerationandconsumptioninChina,andtheresultingairandwaterpollutionhasharmedpublichealthandtheenvironment.FiveoutofthetentoppollutedcitiesintheworldareinChina,andChineseleadersrecognizetheneedtoadjustthecountry’senergyinfrastructuretobemoresustainable.
Energysecurity.Theissueofenergysecurityisanotherdrivingfactor.Theneedtoincreaseenergysupplyinordertomeetthedemandcausedbyrapideconomicdevelopment,dwindlingfossilfuelreserves,andpressuresofenvironmentalpollutionhasresultedinanurgentneedtoincreaseimportsofoilandcoal.Beginningin1993,Chinabecameanetimporterofenergyresources.Sincethen,China’sdegreeofdependenceonimportedoilhasbeenrisingrapidly.Bytheendof2010,Chinaimported50percentofitsoil.Giventhevolatilenatureofinternationalgeo-politics,itisunwiseforacountrytobeoverlydependentonimports,anditisvitaltoacountry’ssecurityforthegovernmenttobeabletoguaranteeareliableenergysupply.Inthisregard,renewableenergyresourcessuchaswind,solar,andbiomassenergyareessentialenergyalternatives.
Climatechange.Chinahasacknowledgedtheneedtoaddress

climatechangebyreducingthecountry’semissionsofgreenhousegases(GHGs.TheaccumulatedGHGemissionsfromChinahavecontributedonlyninepercenttotheaccumulatedglobaltotalofCO2emissions,andChina’spercapitaemissionsofGHGareonlyone-fourththeworldaverage.Whilethesefiguresarelow,developedcountriescontinuetotransferGHGintensivemanufacturingindustriestoChina.TheChinesegovernmentisseriousaboutcontributingtoglobaleffortstomitigateclimatechangeandismakinganefforttorealizetheGHGreductiontargetsthatithaspromised.Thescale-upofrenewableenergyproductionisanimportantmethodtoachievethenationalGHGreductiontargets.
Renewableenergyproductionscale-up.Thepotentialforneweconomicdevelopmentopportunitiesandexpansionofrelativeindustrysectorsisanotherdrivingfactor.Renewableenergyproductionscale-uppromotesexpansionofdomesticindustriessuchasmanufacturingofkeyequipmentandcomponents,andservicesandmaintenance.Renewableenergyproductionscale-uphasattractedinvestmentandwillimpactitsscale-upspeed.TheChinesegovernmentiscurrentlyfinalizingthe12thFive-YearPlanforrenewableenergydevelopment,withambitioustargetsby2015comparedtothe11thFive-YearPlan,includinghydropowercapacityto300GWfrom190GW,windto120GWfrom100GW,andsolarto20GWfrom3GW.Thesetargetssendastrongsignalforincreasinginvestmentduringthecomingfiveyearperiod,estimateduptoseveralthousandbillionRMB.Inconclusion,Chinahasasignificantbaseofrenewableenergyresourcesandthetechnologicalpotentialtoscale-uprenewableenergyproduction.China’sdesiretoensureasecureenergysupply,reducepollutionfromburningfossilfuels,andreducegreenhousegaseshasmotivatedChinatorapidlyexpandrenewableenergydevelopment.

IIBESTOPPORTUNITYINCHINA
Hydropower,wind,solar,biomassandgeothermalenergysourcesareviewedasthebestopportunitiesforrenewableenergysourcesinChina.
HydropowerHydropowerproductionisanimportantcomponentoftheChinesepowerindustryandisthecountry’sleadingsectorinrenewableenergy.Currently,China"shydro-energyrepresents23percentofthenation"sgrowingelectricityconsumptionandissecondonlytocoal-generatedelectricity.TheThreeGorgesDaminHubeiistheworld"slargesthydro-electricpowerstation.HydropowerresourcesarerichinChina.Accordingtotheresultsofthe2003NationwideHydropowerResourceAssessment,China"stotalpotentialcapacityoftechnicallyexploitablehydropoweris540GW,withanannualpowergenerationpotentialof2470TWh.Thetotalpotentialcapacityofeconomicallyfeasiblehydropoweris400GW,withanannualpowergenerationpotentialof1750TWh.Thesehydropowerresourcesaredistributedmainlyinthenation"swesternregions.SeventypercentofthetotalislocatedinSouthwestChina,whichhastheadvantageofrichresourcesavailablefordevelopmentandeasytransmissiontoloadareas.Governmenttargetsforhydropowerareambitious.TheMid-to-Long-TermDevelopmentPlanforRenewableEnergyandtheRenewableEnergyDevelopmentPlanforthe2006-2010Five-YearPlanningPeriodsetsambitioustargetsforincreasinghydropowergeneration.Undertheseplans,Chinaexpectsanincreaseininstalledcapacityofhydropowerfrom117GW(including7GWpumpstationsin2005to190GWin2010(officialdataisnotyetavailable,andprojects300GWby2020.HydropowerdevelopmentinChinaismature.Hydropowerhaslongbeenproventoprovideapositiveimpactonlocalcommunityeconomicdevelopment.Forthisreason,hydropowerhas

beenindevelopmentlongerthanotherrenewableenergy.Hydropowertechnologies,especiallyforsmaller-scaleprojects,havegraduallymaturedovertime,withthetechnology,industry,andincentivemanagementmechanismsinplacetosupporttheseprojects.WindpowerThewind-powerindustryhasbeenboomingoverthepastfiveyears.Windpower,inbothnewlyinstalledcapacityandWTGmanufacturing,israpidlybecomingaleadingrenewableenergyresourceinChina.WindresourcesareabundantinChina.Accordingtothemostrecentwindenergyresourceassessment,thenation"sexploitablepotentialonshorewindcapacityis300GW.Togetherwithoffshorewindresources,thetotalpotentialwindcapacityisabout1,000GW.Wind-powerdevelopmenthasrapidlygrowninthepastfiveyears.Bytheendof2005,morethan60windfarmshadbeenconnectedtothepowergridinChina,withatotalinstalledcapacityof1.26GW.Bytheendof2009,theinstalledcapacityreached25.8GW,whichrepresentedthesecondhighestinstalledcapacityintheworld.Theinstalledcapacityin2010wasunofficiallyover40GW,whichrepresentsthegreatestinstalledcapacityamountintheworld.Governmenttargetsforwindenergyareambitious.Underthepending12thupdatetotheFive-YearPlan,Chinaaimstohave150GWofwindpowercapacityby2020.SolarpowerSolarresourcesarerich.Two-thirdsofChina"sterritoryenjoysover2,200hoursofsunshineannually,withatotalsolarradiationareaofover5000MJpersquaremeter.TheWestChinaregionhasespeciallyfavorableconditionsforsolarenergydevelopment.Thereisahugepotentialmarketforsolarenergyutilization.Attheendof2005,thetotalinstalledcapacityofsolarphotovoltaicpowerinChinawasabout70MW,withmostofthisenergybeingusedforsupplyingpowertoremoteresidentialareas.Duringthe11thFive-YearPeriod(2006-2010,solar-powercapacityincreasedrapidlyto220MWofinstalledcapacity

by2009.TheChinesegovernmentplanstoaddanadditional20GWofinstalledcapacityby2020andcurrentlysupportsinvestmentsinsolarpowertechnologicaladvancements.Thegovernmentiscurrentlydiscussingamoreambitiouspossibilityofincreasingthattargettoanadditional30GWofinstalledcapacityby2020.ThesolarindustryisdrivingtheutilizationmarketinChina.TheforeignmarketforphotovoltaiccellshasdrivenChina’spolysiliconindustrytodeveloprapidly.Forinstance,in2008,amodule’sproductioncapacitywas5GWp,yielding3GWp.By2009,technologicalinnovationsdrivenbymarketdemandledtodevelopmentofmoduleswithoutputsofmorethan4GWp.Thelevelofoutputformodulesisprojectedtocontinuetoincreaseandin2010,outputisexpectedtobehavebeendouble2008levels.DespiteChinahavingbeenrankedfirstintheworldforproductionofsolarcellswiththegreatestoutputcapacity,Chinahasyettodevelopadomesticmarketforphotovoltaiccells.Ninety-eightpercentofChina’sphotovoltaiccellsareexported.
OtherRenewableEnergySourcesChina"sbiomassmarketisyettoscale-uptoacommerciallevel.Thecurrentinstalledcapacityforbiomassenergyisroughly2,381MW.However,Chinaisexpectingtoachieve30GWofinstalledbiomasscapacityby2020byimprovingtheprocessoffeedstockcollection.GeothermalenergyexploitationinChinabeganaround1970.Thecurrenttotalthermalinstalledcapacityisaround3,700MW.Geothermalheatpumpswerealsousedtoheatandcoolsomeofthevenuesatthe2008OlympicGamesinBeijing.IIIROLEOFGOVERNMENT
China’sRenewableEnergyLawdefinestheroleofgovernmentasfollows:
-Setmedium-andlong-termtotalvolumetargetsforthe

developmentofrenewableenergy.
-Setandpublicizetechnicalstandardsforrelevantrenewableenergyresourcesandsupportdevelopmentofrenewableenergytechnologies.
-Encourageandsupportthepromotionofrenewableenergyandprovideeconomicincentives.wDetermineelectricityfeed-intariffsand/orpurchasepricesforrenewableenergypurchasedfromproducers.-Inspectandsuperviserenewableenergyenterprises.
Passedin2005,withsubsequentamendmentsadoptedin2010,China’sRenewableEnergyLawservesastheprincipalframeworkfordevelopmentoftherenewableenergysector.Thislawoffersavarietyoffinancialincentivesandpoliciestoencouragemajoradvancesinthedevelopmentofrenewableenergy.TheRenewableEnergyLawhasthefollowingfivemainimplementationregulationsandmechanisms:PlanningandTarget.Mid-tolong-termDevelopmentPlanforRenewableEnergyandTheRenewableEnergyDevelopmentPlanningduring11thFiveYearPlanningPeriodhasestablishedtargetsforincreasinginstalledcapacityforhydropower,wind,solar,geothermal,andbiomassenergies.
MandatedGridConnection.TheManagementRegulationsforRenewableEnergyPowerGeneration,TheTrialManagementMeasuresforRenewablePowerPricing,TheCataloguefortheGuidanceofRenewableEnergyIndustryDevelopment,andTheRegulationsofPowerEnterprisesareregulationsestablishedundertheRenewableEnergyLawthatrequirepowergridoperatorstopurchaseresourcesfromregisteredrenewableenergyproducers.

Feed-inTariffs.TheNationalDevelopmentandReform
CommissionNoticeonFeed-inTariffforWindPowerGridConnectionestablishedafixedfeed-intarifffornewonshorewind-powerplantsinordertochangeinconsistentpricingandtherebyfacilitateinvestmentinthewind-energysector.
CostSharing.ProvisionalManagementMeasuresonRenewableElectricityTariffsandCostSharingProgramprovidestheaddedcostofdevelopingrenewableenergywillbe“sharedinthesellingprice”meaningthatallendusersofelectricitymustpayarenewableenergysurcharge.
SpecialFundMechanisms,TaxationandCreditSystems.TheTrialManagementMeasuresfortheSpecialDevelopmentFundandTheTrialManagementMeasuresfortheSpecialFundofWindPowerEquipmentLocalizationprovidetaxcreditsforindustriesinrenewableenergydevelopment.
InDecember2009,theNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission(NDRCadoptedamendmentstothe2005RenewableEnergyLaw.Theamendments,whichtookeffecton1April2010,containedthesethreemainprovisions:
Requiringmoredetailedplanningandcoordinationbetweenrenewableenergydevelopmentandoverallelectricpowersectordevelopmentandtransmissionplanning.Forexample,theamendmentscallforcoordinationbetweenlocal(provinciallevelenergydevelopmentswithnationaldevelopmentplans,furtherdefinetheresponsibilitiesofelectricpowercompaniesinconnectingrenewableenergygeneratorstothegrid,definedifferentclassesofrenewablegenerators,andaddressinmoredetailenergystorageandsmartgrids.

Strengtheningprovisionstoguaranteethatelectricutilitiespurchaseallrenewablepowergenerated.Previously,utilitieswereonlyobligatedtopurchaserenewableenergyiftherewassufficientpowerdemandonthegrid.Undertheamendments,utilitiesmustbuythepowerinallcircumstancesbutcansubsequentlytransfersurpluspowertothenationalgridcompanyforuseelsewhere.
StrengtheningandconsolidatingtherenewableenergyfundestablishedundertheMinistryofFinance.Previously,thefundcollecteda0.4fen/kWh(USD0.06/kWhsurchargeonelectricpowersalesnationwide(withsomecustomerclassesexempt.TheMinistryutilizesthesefundsforgovernment-supportedrenewableenergyprojectsandtosupportthecostsoffeed-intariffsforrenewableenergy.However,thesurchargehadnotkeptpacewithexpenditures,andtheamendmentsallowtheMinistrytosupplementtherenewableenergyfundwithgeneralrevenues.SincethepassingoftheamendmentstotheRenewableEnergyLaw,anumberofnewregulationsareunderdevelopmentwithsomebeingclosetopublication.Thelistbelowpresentsmostoftheregulations,andstandardsregardingrenewableenergypolicy,regulationsandstandardsissuedthrough2009pursuanttotheRenewableEnergyLaw.
-TheRenewableEnergyLawpassedon28February2005bythe14thSessionofNPCStandingCommittee
-TheCataloguefortheGuidanceofRenewableEnergyIndustryDevelopment;NDRCEnergyNo.(20052517
-TheTrialManagementMeasuresforRenewablePowerPricingandCostShare;NDRCPriceNo.(20067
-TheManagementRegulationsforRenewableEnergyPower

Generation;NDRCEnergyNo.(200613
-TheTrialManagementMeasurefortheSpecialFundofRenewableEnergyDevelopment;MOFConstructionNo.237
-ImplementationNotesofEnhancementofRenewableEnergyIndustryDevelopment;NDRCEnergyNo.(20062535
-TheTrialManagementMeasureforAllocationofRenewableEnergyTariffSurplusRevenue;NDRCPriceNo.(200744
-TheNoticeforEnhancementofBio-ethanolProjectConstructionandManagement;NDRCIndustryNo.(20062842
-TheManagementMeasuresforProductOilMarket;MOC(200623
-TheStandardforFuelEthanolGB18350-2001-TheStandardforVehicleEthanolGB18351-2004
-TheTrialManagementMeasurefortheSpecialFundofRenewableEnergyBuildings;MOFConstructionNo.(2006460
-TheEvaluationMeasureforRenewableEnergyBuildingPilotProjects;MOFConstructionNo.(2006459
-TheManagementRegulationsofWindPowerProjectConstructionbyNDRC;NDRCEnergy(20051204
-TheTrialManagementMeasuresforWindPowerProjectLandOccupationandEnvironmentalProtection;NDRCNo(20051511-TheTechnicalRegulationsforSolarWaterHeaterBuildingforCivil

UseGB50364—2005
-TheTechnologyRegulationsofWindFarmIntegrationintoPowerGridbytheStateGridCorporation(intrial;StateGridDevelopmentNo.(2006779
-TheDesignRegulationsforWindFarmIntegrationSystembytheStateGridCorporation;StateGridDevelopmentNo.(2006779-TheMixedBio-dieselforDieselEnginesGB/T20828-2007-TheMid-LongTermDevelopmentPlanningforRenewableEnergyDevelopmentbyNDRCinSeptember2007
-TheRenewableEnergyDevelopmentPlanningduring11thFiveYearPlanningPeriodbyNDRCinMarch2008
-TheTrialManagementMeasuresforTariffReturnofChineseBrandEquipmentPurchasebyForeignInvestmentProjects;TariffNo.(2006111
-ImportTariffAdjustmentforLargeWindTurbines,KeyComponentsandRawMaterialsbyMinistryofFinance;MOFTariff(200836
-TheTrialManagementMeasuresfortheSpecialFundofWindPowerEquipmentLocalization;MOFConstruction(2008476
-TheInstitutionalArrangementsofStateCouncilforImplementationandSupervisionofRenewableEnergyLawOverallAdministration•NationalEnergyAdministration

•NationalDevelopmentandReformCommission•MinistryofFinance
•MinistryofScienceandTechnologyAdministrationsbySectors•MinistryofAgriculture
•MinistryofHousingandUrban-RuralDevelopment•MinistryofEnvironmentalProtection
•GeneralAdministrationofQualitySupervision,InspectionandQuarantine
•StateForestryAdministration•ChinaMeteorologicalAdministrationIndependentSupervision
•StateElectricityRegulatoryCommissionIVENFORCEMENTAGENCIES
TheNationalEnergyCommission:THEHIGHESTAUTHORITYTheNationalEnergyCommission(NEC,headedbyPremierWenJiabao,isthemainagencyresponsibleforoverseeingnationalenergydevelopment.TheNECstudiesandformulatesnationalenergydevelopmentstrategies,reviewsenergysecurityanddevelopmentissues,andcoordinatesmajorprogramsofdomesticenergyexploitationandinternationalcooperation.TheNECiscomprisedof21ministersand

directorsfromdifferentdepartmentsincludingtheNationalDevelopmentandReformCommission(NDRC,theNationalEnergyAdministration(NEA,andtheCentralBank.
TheNationalEnergyAdministration:UNDERTAKINGNEC’SDAILYWORK
TheNationalEnergyAdministration(NEAisunderthesupervisionofNDRC.ItreplacedNDRC’sEnergyBureauandhandlesNEC’sdailyaffairs.NEAalsoabsorbedotherenergyofficesfromNDRC,includingtheOfficeoftheNationalLeadingGroupandthenuclearpoweradministrationoftheCommissionofScience,Technology,andIndustryforNationalDefense(COSTIND.NEAhasabroadmandate,whichincludesmanagingthecountry’senergyindustries,draftingenergyplansandpolicies,negotiatingwithinternationalenergyagencies,andapprovingforeignenergyinvestments.
NationalDevelopmentandReformCommission(NDRCNDRCdelegatedauthoritytoNEAtooverseeenergyproduction,internationalcooperation,andscientificresearchonenergybutremainsresponsibleforsupervisingthepricingofwater,electricity,oil,andgas.Additionally,NDRCisresponsibleforenergyefficiencyprogramsandmacroeconomyplanning.
Thedepartmentsbelowhavetheauthoritytoimplementregulationsrelatedtorenewableenergyinthesectorstheyoversee:wMinistryofScienceandTechnology(MOSTwMinistryofFinance(MOFwMinistryofConstruction(MCon

wStateEnvironmentProtectionAgency(SEPA
VGOALFORGENERATIONOFFUELSFROMRENEWABLEENERGY
AccordingtotheMedium-andLong-TermDevelopmentPlanforRenewableEnergyinChinaissuedbyNDRCin2007,Chinaaimstoprovideelectricitytopeopleinremote,off-gridareasandresolvefuelscarcityproblemsthroughtheincreaseduseofrenewableenergy.Increasingtheuseofrenewableenergyintheseareaswillbeaccomplishedaccordingtolocalconditionsandwiththegoalofprotectingtheenvironment.Somespecificgoalsaresetasfollows:HydropowerChina’sinstalledhydropowercapacitywassettoreach190GWby2010and300GWby2020(datafor2010notyetavailable.
BiomassEnergyPrioritiesforbiomassenergydevelopmentwillbebiomasspowergeneration,biogas,biomasspellets(useddirectlyasfuel,andliquidbiofuels.Targetsfor2010weretohaveabiomasspowerinstalledcapacityof5.5GWwithannualuseofbiomasspelletsforfuelat1milliontons,annualuseofbiogasat19billioncubicmeters,useofnon-food-grainfuelbioethanolat2milliontons,andannualuseofbio-dieselat200,000tons.By2020,theinstalledcapacityofbiomasspowerissettoreach30GW.Theannualuseofbiomasspelletsisprojectedtoincreaseto50milliontons,annualuseofbiogaswillincreaseto44billioncubicmeters,annualuseofbio-ethanolfuelwillincreaseto10milliontons,andannualuseofbio-dieselwillincreaseto2milliontons.
WindPowerThe2010targetforinstalledgrid-connectedwindcapacityinChinawas5GW(neithergovernmentalnormediadatahas

yetbeendisclosed.Upto30100-MW-scalewindfarmsweretobeestablished,locatedmainlyintheeasterncoastalareasand“SanbeiRegion”(“ThreeNorthsRegion”.Projectsinthisregionincludedbuildingthree1-GW-scalewindfarmsinJiangsu,Hebei,andInnerMongolia.Inaddition,oneortwopilotoffshorewindprojectswilleachhavea100-MW-scalecapacity.By2020,thetotalinstalled
grid-connectedwindcapacityinChinaisprojectedtoincreaseto30GW.RichwindenergyresourcesinprovincessuchasGuangdong,Fujian,Jiangsu,Shandong,Hebei,InnerMongolia,Liaoning,andJilinwillbeexploitedinadjacentswaths.Thiswillestablisha“backbone”ofmajorwindprovinceswithover2GWofinstalledcapacityineachprovince.Sixwindfarmbases(DabanchenginXinjiang,YumeninGansu,theeasterncoastalareaaroundJiangsuandShanghai,HuitengxileinInnerMongolia,theZhangbeiRegionofHebei,andBaichenginJilinwillbedeveloped,eachwithaninstalledcapacityofatleast1GW.
SolarPowerThe2010targetforinstallingsolarPVpowerwas100MWwithanaccumulatedcapacityofsolarPVforremoteareasat150MW.Thiswouldsupplyuptoonemillionagriculturalandhusbandryhouseholdsinremoteareas.By2020,thecapacitywillbeincreasedto300MW.Chinaaimstopromotegrid-connectedbuilding-integratedPV(BIPVineconomicallydevelopedlarge-andmid-sizedcities.The2010targetforBIPVcapacitywas50MW.By2020,ChinaaimstoincreasecapacityforBIPVto1GW.ChinaaimstobuildrelativelylargesolarPVandsolarthermalpowerstations.By2010,thegrid-connectedcapacitywasexpectedtobe20MW(neithergovernmentalnormediadatahaveyetbeendisclosed.

【篇4】中国新能源的发展前景和趋势

新能源发展前景论文2021字
篇一：新能源技术及未来发展的论文毕业设计（论文）
题目：新能源技术及未来发展系部：信息技术系专业：电子信息工程技术学号：120306345学生姓名：张文进导师姓名：胡慧铺导师职称：教师
二○一五年一月内容摘要及关键字
【摘要】在地球环境污染和能源形势日趋严峻的今天,太阳能作为一种新型的绿色可再
生能源,具有储量大、利用经济、清洁环保等优点,越来越受到人们的重视,太阳能发电技术的应用更是目前关注的焦点。本文综述了太阳能发电的发展概况、研究动态及应用.
【关键词】目录
1太阳能的主要情
况...............................................................................................................................41.1传统化石燃料的开发使用会带来一系列的问
题............................................................41.2太阳能具有的优
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点..................................................................................................................41.3我国太阳能利用状..................................................................................................................52太阳能热发电......................................................................................................................................5
2.1太阳能热发电技
术..................................................................................................................52.2太阳能热发电的主要问
题.....................................................................................................52.3太阳能热风发
电.......................................................................................................................73太阳能光伏发电..................................................................................................................................73.1光伏系统基本组
成.................................................................................................................83.2光伏系统的分类........................................................................................................................83.3光伏系统的应
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用........................................................................................................................93.4光伏发电技术面临的问
题...................................................................错误！未定义书签。4太阳能电
池........................................................................................................错误！未定义书签。4.1太阳能电池的工作原
理......................................................................错误！未定义书签。4.2太阳能电池的分
类.................................................................................错误！未定义书签。4.3影响太阳能电池转换效率的主要因..................................................................................11结
论.............................................................................................................................................................12参考文
献....................................................................................................................................................12引言
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能源是现代社会存在和发展的基石。随着全球经济社会的不断发展,能源消费也相
应的持续增长。随着时间的推移,化石能源的稀缺性越来越突显,且这种稀缺性也逐渐在能源商品的价格上反应出来。在化石能源供应日趋紧张的背景下,大规模的开发和利用可再生能源已成为未来各国能源战略中的重要组成部分。太阳能是人类取之不尽用之不竭的可再生能源,具有充分的清洁性、绝对的安全性、相对的广泛性、确实的长寿命和免维护性、资源的充足性及潜在的经济性等优点,在长期的能源战略中具有重要地位。我们对太阳能的利用大致可以分为光热转换和光电转换两种方式,其中,光电利用光伏发电,是近些年来发展最快,也是最具经济潜力的能源开发领域。太阳能电池是光伏发电系统中的关键部分,包括硅系太阳电池,单晶硅、多晶硅、非晶硅电池,和非硅系太阳能电池等,我国太阳能资源非常丰富,开发利用的潜力非常大。我国太阳能发电产业的应用空间也非常广阔,可以应用于并网发电、与建材结合、解决边远地区用电困难问题等。我国政府对太阳能发电产业也给予了充分的扶持,先后出台了一系列律、政策,有力支持了产业的发展。1太阳能的主要情况
1.1传统化石燃料的开发使用会带来一系列的问题(1能源短缺
由于常规能源的有限性和分布的不均匀性，造成了世界上大部分国家能源供应不足，不能满足其经济发展的需要。从长远来看，全球已探明的石油储量只能用到2021年，天然气也只能延续到2040年左右，即使储量丰富的煤炭资源也只
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能维持二三百年。因此，如不尽早找到化石能源的替代能源，人类迟早将面临化石燃料枯竭的危机局面。(2环境污染
当前，由于燃烧煤、石油等化石燃料，每年有数十万吨硫等有害物质抛向天空，使大气环境遭到严重污染，直接影响居民的身体健康和生活质量;局部地区形成酸雨，严重污染水土。这些问题最终将迫使人们改变能源结构，依靠利用太阳能等可再生洁净能源来解决。1.2太阳能具有的优点
（1）普遍。阳光普照大地，处处都有太阳能，可以就地利用，不需要到处寻找，更不需要火车、轮船、汽车等日夜不停运输。这对解决偏远地区以及交通不便的乡村、海岛的能源供应，具有很大的优越性。
（2）无害。利用太阳能作为能源，没有废渣、废料、废水、废气排出，没有噪音，不产生对人体有害的物质，因而不会污染环境，没有公害。
（3）长久。只要有太阳存在，就有太阳能。因此利用太阳能作为能源，可以说是取之不尽用之不竭。
（4）巨大。一年内到达地面的太阳能总量，要比地球上现在每年消耗的各种能源的总量大几万倍。篇二：新能源产业发展论文新能源产业发展论文
摘要：随着全球气候变暖及世界性能源危机的加剧，发展新能源产业已成为应对危机的共同选择。本文在此背景下，分析了四川省能源发展的现状，深入研
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究了其发展的有利条件及制约因素，最后提出了促进四川省新能源发展的政策建议。
关键词：新能源；
产业发展；
四川；
发展对策一、引言
随着全球气候变暖的形势日益严峻，各国逐步开始走向限制二氧化碳等温室气体的排放、发展低碳经济及新能源的可持续发展模式。世界各国积极参与关于节能减排问题的研究和讨论，从1992年《联合国气候变化框架公约》到2021年“坎昆气候大会”，各国逐步加深了对于能源安全与环境保护问题的认识与理解。面临常规化石能源逐步枯竭的窘境，发展新能源已成为各国抢占新一轮经济与科技竞争制高点的关键点。2021年我国煤炭、原油、天然气的进出口依存度分别达到了8.13%、57.39%及30.15%，数值稳中有升，可见能源结构与安全问题日益突显。我国逐渐高度重视能源安全和环境保护问题。
四川省是西部经济大动脉，同时能源消耗缺口大。能源供需水平、结构状况以及能源效率问题严重影响到四川省经济的协调高效发展。篇三：新能源的使用与发展现状调研报告扬州大学环境科学与工程学院
《毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论》课程社会实践调研报告(论文
题目：关于我国新能源的发展与使用现状调研报告系别：环境工程系专业：环境工程班级：环工1401
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姓名：腾凤云学号：141703123
关于我国新能源的发展与使用现状的调查分析
【摘要】当前，中国的能源与环境问题严重，新能源开发利用受到越来越高的关注。旧能源对环境的污染以及其不可再生性促使人类不得不开发新能源，发展新能源。新能源一方面作为传统能源的补充，另一方面可有效降低环境污染。但我国可再生能源和新能源开发利用虽然起步较晚，发展水平也比较低，好在自2021年《可再生能源法》正式生效后，政府陆续出台了一系列与之配套的行政法规和规章来推动新能源的发展，中国新能源行业进入发展的快车道。发展和开发新能源迫在眉睫。
【关键字】可持续发展、新能源、旧能源、环境问题
在寻求经济与能源平衡点的过程中，新能源由于具有清洁、污染少、可再生等优势，成为了我国发展低碳环保型经济，改善能源结构、促进经济社会可持续发展的关键所在。我国新能源的主要种类有六种，依次是风能、太阳能、生物质能、核能、地热能、和潮汐能。新能源资源丰富，普遍具备可再生特性，可供人类永续利用；
比如，陆上估计可开发利用的风力资源为253GW,而截止2021年只有0.57GW被开发利用，预计到2021年可以利用的达到4GW,到2021年到20GW，而太阳能光伏并网和离网应用量预计到2021年可以从目前的0.03GW增加1至2个GW；
新能源能量密度低，开发利用需要较大空间；
新能源不含碳或含碳量很少，对环境影响小；
新能源分布广，有利于小规模分散利用；
但新能源间断式供应，波动性大，对继续供能不利。目前除水电外，可再生能源的开发利用成本较化石能源高。新能源是永续不断的绿色环保能源，在未来的可持续发展中扮
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演着举足轻重的角色。在未来的发展中，新能源不仅能有效的解决能源的需求量，而且，新能源将成为国与国之间相互竞争的热点，也是大国立足的重要手段。一、研究对象与方法
本次调研报告采用网上问卷的方式，面向全国各地网友进行调查。全方位各层次的分析了城镇以及农村不同年龄段国人对新能源的了解与使用情况。总共回收有效问卷64份，占完整填写问卷的100%。调查时间：2021年4月15日到30日二、调研结果分析与数据展示
（一）本次调研人群多居住在城市，年龄集中在20~30之间。您的居住地住年龄
（二）太阳能、风能、沼气等新能源为大部分人所知，说明随着社会的发展以及国家对发展新能源的倡导，使得我国民众也开始关注起了新能源的发展，这是一种好现象，对我国日后推动新能源的发展具有一定的积极作用。你知道哪些能源？
（三）调查结果显示，我国目前最普及的新能源天然气。这跟近年来政府加大对新农村的建设，推进天然沼气的使用政策有很大的联系。由此可见，政府在新
能源的发展中扮演者重要角色。
你认为最近一年我国最普及的能源是什么？
（四）民众了解新能源的渠道主要是互联网、电视、书本等。为了能够更好的发展新能源，政府可以加强利用网络传媒对民众进行有效引导。
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你是如何了解这些能源的？
（五）自二十世纪八十年代中期以来，世界风电技术取得飞速发展，设计制造
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