英语动词的时态和语态 [动词的语态]
时间：2018-12-28 03:26:14 来源：柠檬阅读网 本文已影响 人 
一、考点难点精讲 （一） 语态的分类 英语动词除了有时态之外，还有语态，表示主语和谓语的不同关系。如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语动词用主动语态；如果主语是动作的对象，谓语动词则用被动语态。 动作的执行者用“by”引入的短语中常用“挨”、“被”、“受”等词来表示这个意思。如：
The boy broke the window.
那个男孩把玻璃窗打碎了。（主动语态）
The window was broken by the boy.
这个玻璃窗被那个男孩打碎了。（被动语态）
（二） 被动语态的构成
“助动词be+（及物动词的）过去分词”构成动词被动语态的形式。助动词be 有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为系动词的变化完全一样。现以动词ask为例，列表如下：
（三） 被动语态的用法
1 不知道谁是动作的执行者，用被动语态。 如：
My watch was stolen.
我的手表被窃。
This jacket is made of cotton.
这件夹克是棉制的。
2 没必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者，用被动语态。如：
This hat was made in China.
这顶帽子是中国制作的。
The bicycles must not be put here.
这儿不准放车。
3 强调或突出动作的承受者时，用被动语态。如：
The letter was posted.
信发了。
He cannot be relied on.
他不可靠的。
4 出于礼貌措词等原因不愿说出动作的执行者。如：
Anyone who sees the lion is asked to telephone the zoo and the police.
有谁看见这只狮子，请给动物园和警方打电话。
You are wished to do it more carefully.
希望你认真一点做。
5 为使句子结构简练、紧凑，上下连贯，也即出于行文的需要。如：
When he was still young man, he was forced to leave his home land for political reasons.
他年轻时，就由于政治原因被迫离开了祖国。
Lenin often talked to his comrades and was always listened to attentively.
列宁经常和同志们谈话，同志们总是留心听他说。
6 在文章标题、广告、新闻等中常用省略助动词be的被动语态。 如：
Telephone call placed.（TCP）电话接通了。（省略了has been）
Girls Wanted. 招女工。（广告用语，省略了are）
Road Blocked. 道路堵塞。（新闻报道，省略is）
（四） 主动语态与被动语态的转换
把主动语态的结构变为被动语态结构时，要做如下的变动：
1 主动结构的宾语变为被动结构的主语
2主动结构的谓语动词由主动语态变为被动语态结构的谓语动词（be+动词的过去分词。）
3主动结构的主语变为介词的“by”的宾语，组成介语短语，放在被动结构中谓语动词之后。若动作的执行者无须说明或不必强调时，by组成的短语就可以省略。
4 主动语态变被动语态时，时态要保持一致。
5 含有直接宾语和间接宾语的主动结构，变为被动结构时，可以将其中一个宾语变为被动语态的主语，另一个不动。一般是将主动结构的间接宾语变为被动结构的主语，这样句子显得自然一些。
[注意]
1 含有直接宾语和间接宾语时，一般把指“人”的间接宾语变为主语，指“物”的直接宾语保留不动。
常见的能接双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的词有：give, show, bring lend send（送，寄）等，这些词与介词to搭配。还有buy, make, draw（画画）等，这些词与介词for搭配。如：
We gave them some books.
我们给他们一些书。
They were given some books.
（变间接宾语为主语）
Some books were given(to)them.
（变直接宾语为主语）
2 含有宾语补足语的句子，宾语变为主语后，宾语补足语改为主语补足语，原来的位置一般不变。但如果宾语补足语是不带to的动词不定式，句子变成被动语态后则要加to,以便将两个动词隔开。 如：
We keep food cold in the fridge.
我们用电冰箱保鲜食品。
Food is kept cold in the fridge.
Every day the tiger made one of the smaller animals bring him something to eat.
老虎每天强迫一个小动物给他带吃的东西来。
Every day one of the smaller animals was made to bring the tiger something to eat.
3 短语动词的被动语态
短语动词在主动结构中有一个不可分割的词组，在被动结构中也是如此，不可丢掉后面的介词或副词。如：
The nurse takes good care of the children.
阿姨很好地照顾小孩。
The children are taken good care of by the nurse.
孩子们受到阿姨很好的照顾。
The Party� policy has been successfully carried out.
党的政策得以很好地贯彻。
A notice will be put up on the wall.
墙上将贴一张布告。
All applications should be handed in before Saturday.
所有申请书应在星期六以前交上来。
This question thas been much talked about recently.
这问题最近谈论得很多。
The English evening has been put off till Friday.
英语晚会已延期到星期五举行。
二、 典型考题精析
1 Nathan Hale________by the British guards.（广东）
A hanged B was hanged
C hung D was hung
[答案]B。评析：hang作“吊着、悬挂”解时，其过去式和过去分词为hung;作“绞死、吊死”解时，其过去式和过去分词为hang, 所填动词应用被动语态，故正确答案选B。又如：
The house is hung with red flags.
屋里挂着红旗。
The murderer was hanged this morning.
今天早晨杀人犯被绞死了。
2 Old people must________politely.（湖北黄冈）
A speak toB be spoken at
C be spoken toD be spoken to
[答案]D。评析：speak to sb.是固定搭配，意为“和某人说话”。该句主语是谓语动词动作的承受者，故须用含有情态动词的被动语态。 答案为D。
3 Jack has got a watch. He_______it for two years.
It______by his father.
A has had ; was bought
B was bought; bought
C has got;is bought
D has bought; was bought
[答案]A。评析：第二句中时间状语for two years表示“段”时间，应与持续性动词连用。动词have , get buy中，只有have是持续性动词；第三句应用被动语态，答案选A。
4 His school bag ______ by a woman ten minutes ago.（河南）
A took away
B had taken away
C was taken away
D is taken away
[答案]C。评析：本题主要考查一般过去时态的被动语态。句子主语是谓语动词动作的承受者时应用被动语态。因动作发生在ten minutes ago, 所以应有和一般过去时的被动语态， 答案为C。
5 Mary______to the teacher"s office just now.（山西）
A tells
B told
C is telling
D was told
[答案]D。评析：本题考查一般过去时的被动语态。由时间状语just now 确定本句应用一般过去时，排除A C。由于tell的用tell sb. to do sth可知，tell之后的宾语已成为句子的主语，即动作的承受者作主语，应用被动语态，答案为D。
6 With the help of the Hope Project, more and more new schools _______in the poor areas.（云南）
A built B have built
C have been built D have been buliding
[答案]C。评析：该句谓语动词强调到现在为止完成的动作，且主语是“new schools”是谓语动词“build”的承受者，应用现在完成时的被动语态， 答案选C。
7 Much______to help the farmers in our country in the past few years.（湖北）
A has been doneB have done
C were doneD was done
[答案]A。评析：句中的时间状语in the past few years表明，此句应用在现在完成时态，又因主语是谓语动作的承受者，谓语动词应用被动语态。Much作代词是不可数的量，正确答案选A。
8 �When______the People"s Republic of China________?（北京）
A did; foundB was; found
C was; founded D is; founded
[答案]C。评析：由答案可以判断出问句为过去时态，问句主语是found动作的承受者，应用被动语态，答案选C。
9 How long may this book_______?（北京）
A be keepingB kept
C be kept D is kept
[答案]C。评析：How long是表示“段”的时间状语，可以和持续动词的keep连用，主语是keep动作的承受者，应用被动语态。答案选C。
10 We _______to be careful of rats since the whole street wasfull of rubbish.（湖北）
A warnedB have warned
C have been warnedD were warned
[答案]C。评析：sine表示“自从……以来”时，引导时间状语从句，主句须用完成时态。主语是warn动作的承受者，应用现在完成时的被动语态，答案选C。
三、专项强化精练
1 The new computers_______to the village school as presents last month.[2002北京东城]
A are givenB given
C were given D gave
2 Can you tell me whom the play _______in 1998? [2002重庆]
A was written byB was written
C Is written by D is written
3 TV and radio programmes________the other side of the world with the help of the satellites. [2002重庆]
A can used toB can send on
C can be sent toD can be sent on
4 --Dad, please open the door, it________.
--Ok, dear. I am coming. [2002湖北黄冈]
A locksB locked
C is locked D was locked
5 Chinese_______by the largest number of people.[2002湖南]
A is speaking B speak
C speaks D is spoken
6 The old man was quite weak after the accident, so he__________.
A must be take care of B must take care of
C must be looked after D must look after
7--It"s time to do your homework, Jack.
--Yes, Mum. I�l turn off the TV as soon as the programme._______. [2002广州]
A endsB end
C will be endedD will end
8 Both Lily and Lucy_________to the party yeserday.[2003黑龙江]
A invited B was invited
C has invited D were invited
9 Aother new library________last month In my hometown.[2003年宁夏]
A built B was built
C has been built D is built
10 --Did you go to Jim"s birthday party?
A am not invitedB wasn"t invited
C haven?t invited D didn"t invite
11 A lot of food _________to that cuntry after the war was over. [2003江苏南通]
A was sentB are sent
C is sending D sent
12 The magazines________ to the library in two weeks.[2003 广东]
A must return
B must be returned
C returned
D must be returning
答案：
1-5 C A C C D
6-10 C A D B B
11-12 A B
