申论写作“三步立法”doc

　 申论写作“三步立意法”

　【摘 要】立意是申论文章写作的灵魂，一个好的立意，要做到正确、明确、唯一、深刻。而在考试中，由于对题干要求和给定资料的理解不到位，考生很难提炼和选择出好立意。针对这些问题，创造性地提出“三步立意法”，增强立意选择的科学性和有效性。

　【关键词】公务员考试；申论；写作；立意；“三步立意法”

　立意指一篇文章所确定的文意，包括全文的中心思想、作者的写作动机、写作意图，以及对全文的构思和谋划。在申论写作中，立意又集中地表现为文章的观点。从考生写作角度看，立意是文章的灵魂，是统御全文的“司令官”；从阅卷人评分角度看，立意是评判文章质量的关键标准，可以说，立意好则文章胜，立意坏则文章败。立意之重要，可见一斑。在本文中，笔者将系统地介绍文章立意的相关知识。

　第一讲：申论文章写作的“三步立意法”

　一、立意的核心要求

　作为一种标准化考试，申论对文章立意的要求非常严格。主要包括以下四个方面：

　（一）正确

　很多考生对文章立意的认识存在一个误区，以为立意没有对错之分，只有好坏之别。此论大谬！

　从考察目的来看，申论写作会表现出强烈的“政策导向性”，即要求考生从党和政府决策的角度，来分析问题、论证观点、提出对策，用党和政府的理论政策来确定全文的中心思想，故文章的立意必须符合党和政府的大政方针和相关政策，必须保持政治正确性。比如2006年，浙江省公务员考试申论试卷要求考生围绕公平与效率的关系写一篇文章。很多考生选择将“效率比公平更重要”作为立意，这显然违背了中央的基本政策。在2005年10月召开的中共十六届五中全会上，中央首次明确提出要“更加注重社会公平”，更加强调公平与效率的统一关系。若考生违背了这一政策精神，则全文立意失败，分数必然很低。

　从命题方式来看，申论写作要求考生必须在命题人限定的范围内来确定立意，凡超出限定范围的立意，均为错误立意。自2010年以来，这种限定越来越多，已经成为申论写作的主流命题方式。比如，2010年国考作文（省级含副省级以上综合管理类），要求考生围绕“海洋的保护与开发”写一篇文章，如果考生文章脱离了“海洋保护与开发”这个主题，则立意错误。2010年国考作文（地市级），要求考生以“海洋的健康”为题写一篇文章，如果考生没有紧紧围绕“海洋”、“健康”这两个关键词来构思和选择立意，则立意错误，文章失败！

　（二）明确

　申论文章在体裁上，绝大多数都是议论文。和散文、小说、诗歌等其他文体相比，议论文更加强调“立意明确”，要求考生不仅要选择一个正确的立意，而且要把正确的立意放在最突出、最显著的位置上。从写作实践看，立意最好放在标题的位置。

　以2010年国考作文（省级含副省级以上综合管理类）为例，我们给出两组标题来进行对比和分析。

　第一组标题：

　《谈海洋的保护与开发》、《面对两难问题，我们如何选择》、《从海洋的保护与开发说开去》、《由海洋保护与开发所想到的》。

　第二组标题：

　《海洋要保护也要开发》、《海洋保护与开发应统筹兼顾》、《海洋保护与开发可以得兼》。

　第一组标题属于典型的立意不明确，虽然4个标题都提到了“海洋的保护与开发”这个主要话题，但均未亮明自己的立场和观点。而第二组3个标题，均非常明确地针对“海洋保护与开发”表明了观点和立场，属于立意明确。因此，笔者强烈建议考生在写作过程中，尽量避免以“谈……”、“从……说开去”、“由……所想到的”作为文章标题，当然，题干有特殊要求的情况例外。

　（三）唯一

　如果把文章比作人，那么立意就是大脑。一个人不可能有两个大脑，一篇文章也不可能有两个立意。文章所有的论点、所有的论据、所有的论证，甚至每一句话、每一个词、每一个字，都必须紧紧围绕“唯一的立意”来展开，要将800-1000字的篇幅，全部用来阐述“唯一的立意”。

　有时，作文命题的限定会比较宽松，允许考生从不同角度来思考问题、构思文章、选择立意。如2008年国考作文（地市级）第四大题：请以“从怒江水电开发”说开去为题，写一篇文章。要求：1.结合给定资料，自选角度；2.符合题意，观点明确。

　显然，本题题干没有限定写作的角度，允许考生进行一定程度的自由发挥。结合给定资料来看，材料中既谈到了在水电开发过程中，经济与环境、人与自然之间的矛盾，也谈到了促进地方经济发展与提高群众生活水平之间的冲突。前者属于经济建设与生态文明建设的关系，后者属于经济建设与社会建设（民生问题）的关系，完全属于两种角度。

　考生在写作时，必须要选择其中一个角度，要么谈经济建设与生态文明建设的关系，要么谈经济建设与社会建设（民生问题）的关系，切不可混为一谈，否则文章立意太散，不易取得高分。

　（四）深刻

　宋代文学家周敦颐在《周子通书》中说：“文所以载道也”，意思是文章是用来传播正道、弘扬正理的。这就要求文章的立意必须重在“道”字，道是什么？是文字背后的真理，是现象背后的本质。所以写文章，就必须要抓住现象背后的本质来立意，写出深度、写出高度、写出思想性来。

　如2009年国考申论作文。给定资料里谈到了广东省“两头在外，中间加工”的制造业发展模式遇到了很大的困难。如果以此为话题来写文章，在立意上就绝不能就事论事，必须要从更深刻的角度来认识和理解。既要看到这种制造业发展模式在过去30年的时间里，确确实实地创造了中国经济的奇迹，实实在在地促进了东南沿海地区的崛起，加速了我国从传统的农业国家向现代的工业国家的转变。同时，也要看到在世界产业链条中，这种模式始终处于下游，由于过分依赖海外市场，极易受国际经济危机的影响；由于过分依赖劳动力成本优势，极易受人民币升值和劳动力成本上升的影响；由于过分强调生产、加工、制造环节，极易在自主创新方面遭遇瓶颈。广东的困境，是东南沿海各省的缩影，也是我国经济转型的缩影。因而文章的立意，必须紧紧围绕“转型”这两个字，才能体现出思想的深刻性。

　二、选择立意的难点

　在考试实践中，考生选择立意时，面临的主要困难有两个：对题干把握不准，对材料理解不透。

　在题干方面，随着命题水平的不断提高，题干中所包含的限定条件也越来越多，对文章立意选择的影响也越来越大。遗憾的是，受写作经验欠缺等因素的影响，很多考生感觉到题干难以把握，无法审出命题意图，因而在选择立意时一头雾水，只好凭感觉瞎猜乱选。

　在材料方面，命题人越来越重视对考察阅读理解能力的考察，要求考生能深刻理解给定资料，并准确提炼出给定资料里的观点。申论写作虽难，立意却总是包含在材料里，只要考生吃透材料，找出立意并不难。但事实上，多数考生平时不重视材料的阅读和积累，在阅读和理解这两个关键能力上都有不足，自然很难从材料中提炼立意。

　如2011年国考作文（省级含副省级以上综合管理类），要求考生围绕“弘扬黄河精神”写一篇文章，题干限定了文章的主要话题，立意必须围绕“弘扬黄河精神”这6个字展开。按照正常的写作思路，考生应该写3个部分：黄河精神的内涵；弘扬黄河精神的重要性和必要性；弘扬黄河精神的主要措施。但问题是：很多考生并不清楚“黄河精神”的内涵，这就导致文章很难写下去，也很难提炼出关于“弘扬黄河精神”的具体立意。

　但如果考生具有比较好的阅读理解能力，从材料中提炼黄河精神的内涵并不难。如，给定资料中有大量篇幅在介绍黄河是如何孕育出辉煌灿烂的中华文明的，从这些材料的字里行间，考生应该感受到每一个炎黄子孙对黄河所怀有的热爱之情，从而轻而易举地推导出黄河精神的一个内涵：热爱黄河，热爱祖国。再比如，给定资料还不惜笔墨，谈到了黄河在历史上多次决口和改道，给沿岸人民带来了沉重的灾难，从中也可以推导出黄河精神的另外一个内涵：敬畏黄河，敬畏自然。还有，给定资料还反复谈到古往今来，人们和黄河不断地作斗争，既要想办法用好黄河，还要想办法治好黄河，从中也可以体会到黄河精神的第三个内涵：不屈不挠，战天斗地。黄河精神的其他内涵，也可以从材料中提炼出来。

　一旦提炼出黄河精神的内涵之后，考生立刻就要想到：黄河很古老，中华文明古老，人们和黄河相互依存、相互斗争、共同发展的历史很古老，黄河精神也源远流长。那么，为什么今天我们还要特别强调弘扬黄河精神？答案只有一个：黄河精神永不过时，弘扬黄河精神是时代的需要！时代的主题是什么？是发展，是社会主义现代化建设！因此，我们可以确立文章立意：弘扬黄河精神，夺取现代化建设新胜利！

　三、三步立意法

　鉴于申论文章写作的特殊要求，结合考生在实际考试中的经验教训，在长期的教学和辅导过程中，笔者研究和总结出了“三步立意”法，用最简单的方法，来解决文章立意这个最难的问题。

　第一步：审题干，选方向

　在题干中，有一个信息至关重要：文章的主要话题，它回答了“文章写什么”这个关键问题，为选择立意指明了大的方向。在具体命题上，题干往往会通过“请围绕……”、“请就……”、“请结合……”等词汇来提示考生。如2011年国考作文（省级含副省级以上综合管理类），题干要求“请围绕‘弘扬黄河精神’”，就是明确告诉考生，文章只能围绕“弘扬黄河精神”来写，这就限定了立意选择的大方向。

　第二步：读材料，提要点

　材料是立意的主要来源之一，读懂材料是正确选择立意的前提。考生需要通过对给定资料关键信息的梳理，来准确把握命题人的核心意图，而这个核心意图，往往就是文章立意的重要基础。在本文第二部分，已经结合2011年国考作文（省级含副省级以上综合管理类），展示了如何从给定资料中提炼重要观点，从而为选择立意提供了重要素材和基础，此处不再赘述。

　第三步：用政策，定立意

　从命题原理看，申论写作要体现出“政策导向性”；从写作角度看，选择立意就离不开大政方针和相关政策。立意有没有高度、有没有深度，就取决于考生的理论政策水平高不高。如2012年国考作文（省级含副省级以上综合管理类），要求我们围绕“刘女士和李老太太家人之间发生的感人故事”为题写一篇文章。故事非常简单：刘女士好意骑电动车送李老太太回家，途中遭遇事故导致李老太太不幸身亡，刘女士主动向李老太太家人赔款，但老太太家属却说“不能让好人做了好事，却得不到好报”。考生如果理解《公民道德建设实施纲要》，就可以快速选择“学习好人好事，争做道德标兵”这个立意。

　well, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. "Three emphasis on" to take advantage of. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both "record" and "potential performance"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both "pragmatic" enough, take another look at the "retreat" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset the positive significance of evaluation.

　Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding "infidelity". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be

　well, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. "Three emphasis on" to take advantage of. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both "record" and "potential performance"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both "pragmatic" enough, take another look at the "retreat" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset the positive significance of evaluation.

　Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding "infidelity". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be

　people-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. Terms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to actively adapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business.

　Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests of temptations, exciting "energy" conservation "disposition" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. "In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division." This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to "it is an official term for the benefit of" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, "plug in own responsibility", effectively enhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres work, efforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitality

　people-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. Terms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to actively adapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business.

　Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests of temptations, exciting "energy" conservation "disposition" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. "In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division." This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to "it is an official term for the benefit of" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, "plug in own responsibility", effectively enhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres work, efforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitality

　well, with the effectiveness of services to defend the interests of the masses. Third, we should strive to do well. To achieve good practical results, the key is to know the law, to grasp the laws and using laws. Office of economic development, social progress, there are rules to follow. Only act according to the law, to overcome blindness and strengthening initiative, creative. Working in the Office, we should be good at analyzing the essence of things, to find regular thing, change from passive to active, to seek one. Investee 2. establishment of evaluation system. Evaluation system is essentially an incentive mechanism, the evaluation was objective and fair, reasonable, and can stimulate a person's energy, mobilizing people's enthusiasm or be misleading, dampened the enthusiasm of people. At present, the concept of people-oriented people, but to establish and perfect evaluation system is still lagging behind. Work in this area should be seriously caught up. "Three emphasis on" to take advantage of. Is a focus on standards and scientific. A fundamental point of the evaluation criteria, is to keep contact, development, comprehensive eye evaluation of cadres. Office work, both "record" and "potential performance"; both subjective efforts, take another look at the objective condition; both "pragmatic" enough, take another look at the "retreat" level. Second, focus on participating the breadth of the subject. Evaluation of cadres must give full play to democracy, cadres and the masses handing over evaluation. Office work services leadership and service base, serve the people, then nominated the main object will contain a variety of services, so that assessment was accurate and to avoid one-sidedness. Third, pay attention to the seriousness of the conclusion. The use of evaluation findings is mainly embodied in his direction. Permitted to choose one, it would be tantamount to establishing a banner. Evaluation can't take care of the balance, otherwise it would undermine the offset the positive significance of evaluation.

　Office of the party committees at all levels should take the findings as on the cadres ' bonus-penalty, an important basis for future movements, incentive and restraint effect of making evaluations. 3. Prevention of understanding "infidelity". People-centered development, concrete is dialectical,. In practice in the process, to prevent one-sided and still look, from actual people. One is to use dialectical point of view to understand. Humanist is the core of the scientific Outlook on development, remains the development of the scientific Outlook on development emphasizes, is still taking economic construction as the Center. Any departure from the development of thought and action, is a misinterpretation and misunderstanding of people-oriented. Adhere to people-oriented both to overcome one-sidedness of the old, but also to prevent one-sidedness, not accelerating the development of people and the opposition. Must be very clear, people oriented and speeding up development is not opposed, but consistent, we should never be

　people-oriented in the name of reducing our enthusiasm. Premier Wen Jiabao's Government work report this year, identified as 7% growth, 2.1% lower than last year's 9.1%, but in 8 work remains to accelerate development in the first place ... Work standards. Second is to use the scale of development to understand. Society is evolving, human needs are also changing. Practice of humanism is a long-term process and cannot be achieved overnight. To treat people if you stand still and rigid dogma, it is possible to return to this, see things but not people's old ways. Therefore, we have to follow the development of the times, and continue debugging the humanist perspective, innovative people-oriented way. Under the new historical conditions, we are requested by the times, set up a brand new concept, a high starting point, high standard of armed people, shaping, exercise, people, constantly taking the new connotation of the times. Terms of Office, is to lead the vast numbers of cadres to actively adapt to the knowledge faster and actively adapt to the increasingly high level of leadership situation, actively adapt to the demand of the masses more and more situations, eager to learn, enhance accumulation, efforts, honed the ability to overcome a good service, panic. Third is to use realistic understanding. Adhere to people-oriented must be based on reality, not divorced from reality. Desk no water cups here in Hong Kong, staff need to drink some water to the drinking fountain on a floor, the glass used is a one-time non-cone type. Drink this cup can only hold, cannot be put down. This is not only to save on glass materials, more important is to force you to get drinking water, go back to your seat business.

　Our emphasis on people-oriented, does not imply you can indulge the desires, the comfortable, the pursuit of enjoyment. Office of the party committees at all levels of our comrades, must continue to maintain the style of plain living and hard struggle, to stand up to the tests of temptations, exciting "energy" conservation "disposition" to the spirit of selfless dedication and provide services. Investee 4. clearly defined responsibilities. Putting people first is a common vision of development, everyone is a liability. People-oriented, above and below with the responsibility for coordinating system must be established and hold everyone accountable. First, we must strengthen the leadership. "In its place, its governance, its level, bear the responsibility of the Division." This is the minimum requirement for leaders, is a measure of the basic criteria for whether a leading cadre is competent. Leaders need to "it is an official term for the benefit of" mission, consciously assume responsibility for implementing people-oriented. Director of the Office of the party committees at all levels is the responsibility of the units to implement people-oriented, to manage their people, "plug in own responsibility", effectively enhance the education of leading cadres, cadres and cadres work, efforts to revitalize the Office of human resources, Office work is full of vigor and vitality