【街头冲浪】神奈川冲浪里

　　保罗・安文 　　Sidewalk Surfers 　　 　　Origins of the Sport 　　Surfing is an old, natural, and described by many surfers as a "spiritual" sport, beginning in Hawaii before the 15th century, and deriving its source from the naturally impressive phenomenon of the sea wave. Despite its graceful appearance and the apparently "chilled-out" nature of the American surfer, it is a highly territorial and cliquey sport, gaining popularity in West in the 50" and 60"s, with 60"s bands such as The Beach Boys and their surfing songs enticing more and more to join in. In these early times, because of the weather or just to try something new, some surfers tried fixing roller-boot wheels to pieces of wood and began to "surf the sidewalk".
　　
　　Skateboarding is Born
　　
　　Surfers soon adapted their "skateboards" and began skating the hills and streets, skateboarding being accessible to all who could find an urban area with a smooth surface to ride on. In the 60"s, however, wheels were made of steel and then clay, causing the rider to frequently ①fall off. They had poor traction and because of this, by 1965 the fad ended completely. In 1970 the urethane wheel was invented and with the improved control, riders could skate faster and perform better tricks. Boards also became wider and manufacturers developed specialized "trucks" (the axle holding the wheels).
　　
　　Dogtown and Z-Boys
　　
　　During the 70"s a new team of skateboarders formed, from the run-down area of California known locally as "Dogtown". The "Z-Boys" changed the sport with their new aggressive style, and really created the punk-skater-subculture that exists still today. In 1975 they began to skate in empty swimming pools, leading to Tony Alva performing the first "Aerial" trick, which came to dominate skating. By "76 their popularity and new-found riches caused them to split up. As a result of the new dangerous tricks, skatepark owners, worried about liability, closed down the parks and skateboarding died another death in 1980.
　　
　　这一运动的起源
　　
　　冲浪是一项古老的、户外的、被许多冲浪者描述为“灵性”的运动，在15世纪以前起始于夏威夷，来源自海浪这个必然使人感到震撼的景象。尽管该运动姿态优美而且美国冲浪者看起来具有“悠闲洒脱”的特点，但它却是一项非常有地盘性且局限于小团体的运动，于20世纪50和60年代时在西方流行开来，而60年代“海滩男孩”之类的团队和他们那些冲浪歌曲则促使越来越多的人参与进来。在这些早期阶段，因为天气的原因或只是因为想尝试点儿新鲜的东西，所以有些冲浪者就试着将轮滑鞋的滑轮固定在木板上，开始“在街头冲浪”。
　　
　　滑板运动的诞生
　　
　　不久之后，冲浪者改装了他们的“滑板”，开始在山丘和街头玩轮滑，从而使所有那些可以在城市中找到一块拥有滑行平地的场所的人都能玩上滑板。然而，在20世纪60年代，滑轮先后采用钢和泥土为材质，使得滑手经常摔跟头。它们的牵引力不好，鉴于此，这股热潮到了1965年便全然退去。1970年，聚氨酯滑轮发明出来了，随着操作性的提升，滑手可以滑得更快，表演更棒的花样。板面也变得更宽，而且制造厂商开发出了专用的“转向架”（固定滑轮的车轴）。
　　
　　“狗镇”和“西风男孩”
　　
　　在20世纪70年代期间，一个来自加利福尼亚破败之地（被当地人称为“狗镇”）的新滑板团体成立了。“西风男孩”用其新式的硬派风格改变了这项运动，并且真正开拓出一直延续至今的“庞克轮滑手地下文化”。1975年，他们开始在空游泳池中玩轮滑，结果托尼・阿尔瓦玩出了第一个“空中”花样，而这一花样则成为了轮滑运动的主流。到了1976年，他们的人气和暴富造成了他们的分裂。由于新花样的危险性，滑板公园老板们害怕担责任，就关闭了这些公园，而滑板运动便在1980年时再度沉沦下去。
　　
　　Types of Skateboarding
　　
　　1. Ramp: Skaters use different kinds of ramps, such as "halfpipes", "vert" ramps (halfpipes with a vertical section at the top), and miniramps.
　　2. Skatepark: A skatepark can be both outdoors and indoors, and provides many different objects to perform tricks on, with jump ramps, rails and "funboxes". Many have larger ramps too.
　　3. Street: Skaters ride and perform tricks on any man-made objects found in the street.
　　滑板运动的类型
　　1. 坡道：轮滑手使用不同类型的坡道，如“U型道”、“垂面”坡道（在顶端位置拥有垂面的U型道）和微型坡道。
　　2. 滑板公园：滑板公园可以是室外的也可以是室内的，会提供许多用以表演花样的不同物体：跳坡道、栏杆、“乐趣台”。有许多还拥有更大型的坡道。
　　3. 街头：轮滑手会在街头发现的任何人造物体上滑行和表演花样。
　　
　　The Third Generation
　　
　　Skateboarding"s 3rd generation ran from the early 80"s to early 90"s and was started by skateboarding companies to promote their sport and sell their products. At first, ramp skating (with its big, wide boards and big wheels) remained the most popular form. The invention of the "Ollie" trick allowed skaters to perform big "Airs" off vert ramps, although as skateparks began to disappear again, street regained its popularity towards the 90"s.
　　It was during this period that it was decided that there was big money in the sport, and it was heavily promoted and advertised to the young. Skate fashion became the must-have commodity, whether or not you skated. Young girls, or "Betties" began to hang around the young skaters, hoping to be invited to wild parties, and skateboarding was brought totally into the mainstream. Around this time skater "celebrities" were created by big name companies. Skaters such as ex Z-Boy Tony Hawk became famous at this time and remain so nowadays, with Tony Hawk even having his own range of popular computer games.
　　
　　Skateboarding Nowadays
　　
　　Today, skateboarding is big business. Street skating is still the most popular form of skating. The basis of nearly all tricks is the "ollie", and boards are narrow for "flip" tricks and maneuverability. In most big cities in the world, wherever there is a paved square, big curb, or set of steps with a good run-up, street skaters can be usually seen in small groups. As they hardly ever wear protective gear (not cool on the street!), and as falling onto concrete hurts as much as it looks like it should, you"ll rarely see a skater land a good trick!
　　Street skating is more urban and supposedly anti-establishment than other forms of skating, requiring skaters to skate around themselves until they find the smoothest concrete with the best looking objects for tricks. This can lead to frequent run-ins with security guards and members of the public, so these skaters see themselves both as persecuted by authority and the public. They argue that they do no real harm, and are the young generation "just trying to have fun". In reality, a bit of scratched concrete is usually the most damage they cause.
　　
　　Elitism
　　
　　As skateboarding has been around so long, there exists a certain elitism amongst many skaters about their sport. Just as with surfing, groups of skaters aren"t usually the easiest to get to know if you arrive wanting to skate on your own on their patch. In the 90"s, skate clothes became popular with non-skateboarders, much to the chagrin of skaters. One reason is that their shoes had been specially designed for skating, and they felt their brands were their own. Of course, manufacturers didn"t agree and now young people everywhere wear "skate" clothes. Likewise, rollerbladers are not held in very high esteem - some say it"s easier than skateboarding, just for kids, less impressive and, again, they stole the skater"s fashion! (Best not to mention the baggy jeans worn low around the waist, first favoured on the outside by gangster rappers and then by skateboarders - this stolen "fashion" is a relic of the prison system where inmates are prohibited from having belts and whose trousers are always ②on the verge of falling down.)
　　
　　Street Tricks
　　
　　1. An "Ollie" is an aerial skateboarding trick during which the skateboarder does not grab his board with his hands, toes or accessories attached to the skateboard. The result is a no-handed jump off the ground or ramp.
　　2. A "Kickflip" is an aerial skateboarding trick where the skateboarder kicks his board in order to make it flip 360 degrees along the board"s long axis.
　　3. "Grinds" are tricks where the skateboarder slides on the hangers of the trucks. "Grinds" are performed on handrails, stone ledges or similar obstacles.
　　4. A "Board slide", or a "rail slide", is a skateboarding trick where the skateboarder slides on a rail, curb or coping on the middle of the deck.
　　
　　第三世代
　　
　　滑板运动的第三世代，从20世纪80年代早期持续到90年代早期，是由滑板公司为了宣传他们的运动和销售他们的产品而开启的。起初，（拥有又大又宽的板面和大滑轮的）坡道轮滑仍旧是最有人气的类型。“跳转”花样的发明使得轮滑手可以在滑出“垂面坡道”后表演幅度大的“空中动作”，而尽管滑板公园又开始销声匿迹了，但在80年代末期街头再度成为了受欢迎的场所。
　　就是在这个时期，这项运动被认为能赚大钱，因而它得到了大力宣传，被推荐给年轻人。无论你玩轮滑与否，滑板服都成为了必备品。年轻的女孩，即“Betties”，开始在年轻的滑板手身边晃来晃去，希望受邀参加狂野派对，而滑板运动则完全被融入到主流文化中。大约在这一时期，知名企业捧红了一些轮滑“名人”。轮滑手们，如前“西风男孩”成员托尼・霍克，在这一时期成了名，享誉至今，而托尼・霍克甚至还拥有他自己的人气电脑游戏系列。
　　
　　当今的滑板运动
　　
　　如今，滑板运动生意兴隆。而街头滑板仍旧是最有人气的轮滑类型。几乎所有花样的基础都是“跳转”，而且板面狭窄，以便玩出“蹬板”花样并兼具机动性。在世界上大多数大城市中，无论哪里有铺砌广场、高高的马路牙子或是带有助跑跑道的台阶，通常情况下，就都可以看到以小团体形式出现的街头轮滑手。由于他们几乎从来不穿防护用具(那在街头不酷!)，而且跌落在水泥地上就真的与看起来是一样痛的，所以你很少会看到一名轮滑手表演一个有难度的花样！
　　与其它类型的轮滑运动相比，街头滑板更加城市化，而且据称具有更大的反正统性，需要轮滑手四处滑行，直到他们找到了最平坦的水泥地，而那里是要有看起来最适合做花样的物体的。这可能会导致与保安人员和一些民众频繁发生争端，所以这些轮滑手认为他们受到了权势人物和民众的双重迫害。他们争辩说，他们不会造成什么真正的危害，是“仅仅试着找乐”的年轻一代。事实上，水泥地上的少许刮痕通常就是他们造成的最大破坏。
　　
　　精英主义
　　
　　由于滑板运动已经开展了很长时间，因而在许多轮滑手中间存在着某种关于其运动的精英主义。就跟冲浪一样，如果你来到他们的地盘想自己单独玩轮滑的话，那么轮滑手群体通常是最不好打交道的。20世纪90年代，令轮滑手气愤不已的是，轮滑服风行于非滑板玩家的中间。原因之一在于，他们的鞋子是专门为轮滑运动而设计的，而且他们感到他们的品牌是为其所独有。当然，制造厂商并不这么想，而现在各个地方的年轻人都在穿着“轮滑”服。同样，直排轮滑手也没有受到很大尊重――有些人说，与滑板运动相比，它更容易，只适合小孩，而且震撼程度更低，另外，他们仿效了轮滑手的服饰！（就更不用提那种在狱外先后得到黑帮说唱歌手和滑板手宠爱、低腰穿着的宽大牛仔裤了――这种被仿效的“服装”是监狱系统里的一个遗俗，犯人在那里是被禁止系腰带的，裤子经常处在脱落的边缘。）
　　
　　街头花样
　　1.“跳转”是滑板手不用他的手、脚趾或连在滑板上的配件来抓住其滑板的滑板运动空中花样。其结果是，不用手就跳离地面或坡道。
　　2.“踢翻”是滑板手踢踏其滑板以便使它沿着滑板的竖轴空翻360度的滑板运动空中花样。
　　3.“滑杆”是滑板手用转向架的（滑轮）横架滑行的花样。“滑杆”是在扶杆、石台或相似障碍物上完成的。
　　4. “板滑”，即“骑杆滑”，是滑板手使板中央在栏杆、马路牙子上或墙顶护盖上滑行的滑板运动花样。
　　
　　Influences of Skateboarding
　　
　　Skateboarding, like surfing has a long history and is therefore an established, if not hugely popular sport. It is not likely to vanish into obscurity like some extreme sports we see on television nowadays - I always wonder how long the sport of jumping out of a plane with a snowboard strapped to your feet, and seeing how many times you can pirouette, can really last.
　　Skateboarding borrowed some tricks and style from surfing, just as snowboarders perform many of the same tricks of skateboarders, yet all 3 sports, despite lulls, remain as enduring as ever.
　　The extremely new, cool urban sport of Parkour, or street running, also shows the street skating influence of searching the urban landscape for possible sites and then returning to try out and practice tricks on them. The keen skater or street runner will always ③have one eye on the block of flats across the road, or new shopping centre being built on the main road for a new, ready-made place to have fun.
　　
　　滑板运动的影响
　　
　　与冲浪一样，滑板运动拥有悠久的历史，因此如果不能算作人气很高的运动的话，也是一项既有运动。它不可能像我们在现在电视上看到的一些极限运动一样绝迹而去――我总是在想，那个在脚上绑上一个滑雪板、跳出飞机后看你能旋转多少次的运动到底能兴多久。
　　就跟滑板手的许多技巧滑雪板玩家也在玩是一样的，滑板运动从冲浪运动中借鉴了一些花样和方法，然而，尽管这三项运动都处在消沉期，但仍旧会永远存在下去的。
　　而“障碍跳跃”（即“街头奔驰”）这项非常新颖、非常酷的都市运动，同样折射出了街头轮滑运动的影响力――在都市场所中寻找可用的场地，随后折返回来在那里尝试和练习花样。为了找一个新的、现成的取乐场所，执著的轮滑手或是“街头奔驰者”总是会留意街对面的公寓楼街区或是建在主干道旁边的新购物中心。
　　
　　Links
　　1. on the outside
　　文中，在“Elitism”那段最后一句话中出现了一个短语――“on the outside”。在这句话中，要理解这个短语的意思，首先要知道“the inside”还有另一层次含义：在英语中，常常用“the inside”委婉地表示“入监”或“呆在监狱里”的意思，所以与之相对，“on the outside”就是“出狱”或“在狱外”的意思了。
　　2. long axis
　　文中， 在解释“Kickflip”这个花样时用到了一个词组――“long axis”。它指的并不是滑板的真正组成部件，而是一个抽象的概念，即可以想象以滑板的中点为中心，可以画出两个轴，一个竖轴（长的那个轴）和一个横轴（短的那个轴）。而文中指的就是竖轴，即从板首到板尾在中间位置上的连线。
　　
　　cliquey /`kl1ki/ adj.小集团的
　　entice /in`tais/ v.诱惑；诱使
　　roller-boot /`r9ul9b6t/ n.轮滑鞋；溜冰鞋
　　fad /f2d/ n.一时流行的狂热
　　urethane /`ju9riFein/ n.聚氨酯
　　truck /tr7k/ n.(机)转向架
　　axle /`2ksl/ n.轮轴；车轴
　　run-down /`r7ndaun/ adj.(房屋等)失修的；颓败的
　　aerial /`^ri9l/ adj.空中的
　　new-found /`n(faund/ adj.新发现的；新得到的
　　liability /,lai9`biliti/ n.责任
　　ramp /r2mp/ n.坡道；斜坡
　　vertical /`v8tik9l/ adj.垂直的；直立的
　　rail /reil/ n.栏杆
　　commodity /k9`m4diti/ n.商品；物品
　　maneuverability /m9,n6v9r9`biliti/ n.机动性；可操作性
　　curb /k8b/ n.路边石
　　run-up /`r7n7p/ n.助跑
　　concrete /`k4nkr1t/ n.混凝土
　　anti-establishment /,2ntii`st2bliHm9nt/ n.反对正统流派
　　run-in /`r7nin/ n.口角；争吵
　　persecute /`p8sik(t/ v.迫害
　　elitism /i`l1tizm/ n.精英政治；优秀人士统治论
　　chagrin /`H2Grin/ n.气愤
　　esteem /is`t1m/ n.尊敬；尊重
　　baggy /`b2Gi/ adj.袋状的；松垂的
　　relic /`relik/ n.遗俗；遗迹
　　inmate /`inmeit/ n.(医院或监狱中的)同宿者
　　handrail /`h2ndreil/ n.栏杆；扶手
　　ledge /le_/ n.架状突出物
　　obstacle /`4bst9kl/ n.障碍物
　　coping /`k9upiM/ n.墙顶护盖
　　obscurity /9b`skju9riti/ n.隐匿
　　strap /str2p/ vt.用带缚住
　　pirouette /piru`et/ vi.以脚尖旋转
　　lull /l7l/ n.暂停；麻痹
　　① fall off跌落
　　② on the verge of 接近于；濒临于
　　③ have one eye on注意；留意