纹身，永不褪色的美丽_永不褪色的意思是什么

　　 　　Needles,Skin and Pain 　　 　　Once they were considered to be the mark of riff raff, lowlifes and gangsters, but since the 1980"s tattoos have become socially acceptable in the West. They ①were all the rage in the nineties and today are common fashion accessories. Tattoo artists have moved uptown from the sleazier quarters and earned an unprecedented level of respect, with some of the more talented ones exhibiting their designs in mainstream art galleries. How did it all start? Read on!
　　纹身曾一度被当作是群氓、下层民众和黑帮分子的标志，但是自20世纪80年代起，它们受到了西方社会的认可。它们在90年代的时候就大行其道，如今则是司空见惯的时尚饰物。纹身师们从更为简陋的住宅区搬到了城镇小区，赢得了空前的尊敬，而在更具才气的纹身师当中，有些人还得以在主流的艺术画廊里展示他们的设计。这是怎么开始的呢？读下去吧！
　　
　　
　　History of Tattoos
　　
　　The earliest record of tattooing comes from Egypt. From the land of the pharaohs it spread to Europe and the Far East. In Ancient Greece, tattoos were used to identify fellow members of secret societies and the Romans used tattoos to mark criminals. In Ancient Japan they signified social status and in New Zealand the Maori people differentiated members of different tribes by their tattoos. In Europe, tattooing was popular up until the 12th century. The people of northern Europe would often tattoo their family crest on their arms (a practice which still exists today). For some reason tattooing vanished from Europe for several centuries after the Norman invasion of Britain in 1066. Apparently, the Normans were not keen on tattoos!
　　The reintroduction of tattooing to the West occurred in the 17th century when, in 1691, an explorer by the name of William Dampier returned from an expedition to the South Seas with a heavily tattooed Polynesian prince. It had been 600 years since tattoos had been seen in Europe and the "Painted Prince" was a big hit with Londoners. However, tattoos would not make a real mark in the West for another hundred years.
　　
　　The word "tattoo" was introduced to the English language from a Polynesian word by Captain James Cook in the late 18th century (He also introduced the word "taboo").His voyages to the South Pacific brought him into contact with tattooed tribes and his own crew had tattoos done themselves. Captain Cook was a sensation in England and a tattoo trend started among the upper class of London. As tattoos became more widespread, and associated with sailors, they ②lost favour with the upper echelons of society.
　　
　　Tattoo Technology
　　
　　
　　Early tattoos were made by a slow and very painful process. Each puncture of the skin was done by hand as the ink was applied. In 1891, the first electric tattoo machine was patented by Samuel O"Reilly. The design was based on Edison"s electric pen. The basic design had moving coils, a tube and a needle bar, which are the components of today"s tattoo gun. The electric tattoo machine allowed anyone to obtain a reasonably priced and readily available tattoo. Today, tattoo designs, known as "flash", are mass produced and distributed to tattoo artists.
　　
　　America and Tattoos
　　
　　Chatham Square, in New York City, was the birthplace of the American
　　
　　style tattoo. In the early part of the 20th century it was a seaport and entertainment center attracting working-class people with money. Samuel O"Reilly, the inventor of the electric tattoo machine, set up a tattoo business there. His apprentice, Charlie Wagner (who originally trained as a wallpaper designer) is credited with redesigning a large portion of tattoo art. As tattooing declined in popularity across America, it flourished in Chatham Square. At this time, cosmetic tattooing became popular; blush for cheeks, coloured lips, and eyeliner. With World War I, the flash art images changed to those of bravery and wartime icons.
　　
　　In the 1920s, tattooing became popular again in other American cities, especially cities that had military bases. After World War II, tattoos became associated with biker gangs, such as the Hell"s Angels, and once again lost their appeal. In the 1960s, it was rumoured that unsanitary practices in tattoo parlours had led to an outbreak of hepatitis and the public held the tattoo industry in disrepute. By the end of the decade, thanks to a tattoo artist called Lyle Tuttle, there was a revival of interest in tattoos. Tuttle tattooed several famous celebrities and gave many interviews to television and magazines in which he explained this ancient art.
　　
　　纹身的历史
　　
　　关于纹身的最早记载来自埃及。从这片法老之国，它蔓延到了欧洲和远东地区。在古希腊，纹身被用来辨认秘密社团的同组成员，而罗马人则用纹身来给犯人做记号。在古日本，它象征着社会地位，而在新西兰毛利人则通过他们的纹身来区分不同部落的成员。在欧洲，纹身直到12世纪才兴盛起来。北欧人常常会把其家族纹章纹绘在他们的手臂上（这个习俗沿袭至今）。出于某种原因，在诺曼人于1066年入侵英国以后，纹身在欧洲消失了好几个世纪。显然，诺曼人对纹身并不热衷！
　　
　　将纹身再度引入西方是在17世纪，那时，一位名叫威廉・丹皮尔的探险家在1691年结束南太平洋探险时，带回了一个涂满纹身的玻利尼西亚王子。而在欧洲已经有600年没有见过纹身了，“彩绘王子”在伦敦人中成了热门人物。然而，在接下来的100年里，纹身还是不能在西方真正地火起来。
　　“tattoo”这个词是在18世纪晚期由詹姆斯・库克船长从一个玻利尼西亚语词汇中引用到英语言当中的（他还引用了“taboo（禁忌）”这个词）。他在南太平洋的航行使他接触到了那些涂有纹身的部落，而且他自己的船员都涂上了纹身。库克船长在英格兰引起了轰动，纹身在伦敦上流社会中流行开来。而当纹身变得更加普遍，会引发出与水手有关的联想时，它们在上层社会当中就不再受宠了。
　　纹身技术
　　
　　早期的纹身在制作上要经历一个漫长而又异常痛苦的过程。在施墨的同时，皮肤上的每次穿孔都要用手工来完 成。1891年，塞缪尔・奥瑞利取得了第一台电动纹身机的专利权。其设计是以爱迪生的电动笔为蓝本的。基本的设计由移动线圈、一个管体和一个针杆组成，这些东西就是现在的纹身枪的组成部件。电动纹身机使所有人都可以获得一个价格合理、立等可用的纹身。如今，被称为“flash”的纹身图案实现了量产并被供应给纹身师。
　　
　　美国与纹身
　　
　　纽约市的查塔姆广场是美式纹身的诞生地。在20世纪早期，那里是一座海港和一个吸引有钱可花的工薪阶层的娱乐中心。电动纹身机的发明人塞缪尔・奥瑞利，在那里搞起了纹身生意。他的学徒查理・瓦格纳（原本是要受训成为壁纸设计师的），被认为重新设计了大部分的纹身艺术。当纹身在美国人气下降之时，它却在查塔姆广场兴盛起来。就在这个时期，化妆纹身开始流行；（其效果是）红润面颊，扮靓嘴唇，描绘眼线。伴随着第一次世界大战，这种“flash”艺术的图案全换成了大无畏的图案以及战时的象征物。
　　
　　在20世纪20年代，纹身在美国其它城市再度流行起来，尤其是在那些有军事基地的城市。第二次世界大战之后，纹身与“地狱天使”之类的“飞车帮”产生了联系，再一次失去了吸引力。在20世纪60年代，有传言称，纹身店里的不洁操作导致了肝炎的爆发，公众对纹身业嗤之以鼻。在那个年代结束之前，由于一位名叫莱尔・塔特尔的纹身师，纹身热再度兴起。塔特尔为许多知名人士纹过身，并多次参加电视和杂志的访谈，在上面解读了这门古老的艺术。
　　
　　Tattooed Celebrities
　　Is there any tattoo-less celebrity these days? Here are five examples of art on famous bodies:
　　1. Jennifer Anniston - Small heart on her stomach.
　　2. Drew Barrymore - Barrymore has a small cross on her ankle, a butterfly under her bellybutton, angels on her back, a blue moon with a smile and a star on her right foot and flowers on her left hipbone.
　　
　　3. David Beckham - His son"s name "Brooklyn" across his lower back, his other son"s name "Romeo" above a crucifixion scene on his upper back, his wife"s name in Hindi on his back and the Roman numeral "VII" (the number of his Man UTD jersey) on the underside of his right arm.
　　4. Julia Roberts - Has the Chinese character for "strength" with a heart on her shoulder. She also has a butterfly on her back.
　　
　　5. Robbie Williams - Singer, Robbie Williams, has no small amount of tattoos. He has a Maori design on his left arm, a Celtic cross on his right hip. On his right arm he has a lion with "Born to be Mild" written under and "Elvis Grant me Serenity" above it. He has musical notes and Beatles" lyrics on the small of his back, a saint holding a cross with his grandfather"s name on the inside of his right arm, and "everybody has got their own taste" in French on his chest.
　　
　　Tattoo Symbols
　　
　　In the nineties, Chinese character tattoos became popular with celebrities and the trend soon took off with the hoi-polloi. Most characters were translations of names or personal qualities that the bearer wished to achieve. Ancient tribal symbols are also popular.
　　
　　The three dots on the hand between the forefinger and the thumb, commonly associated with Latino gangs, actually have no origins in crime. They were used by Hispanic youth in the U.S. to signify "mi vida loco" ("my crazy life"). Some tattoos do have criminal associations, however. In Britain, convicts sometimes tattoo "ACAB" on their hands. If asked by a policeman what it means, they would say "Always Carry A Bible". If anyone else asked, the reply would be "All Coppers Are Bastards". Chinese triads in the West were known to tattoo a black dragon and a white bear on their backs but now real triad members would rarely do this as it carries a stigma in American Chinese communities.
　　
　　
　　纹身的名人
　　
　　现如今有哪个名人不纹身呢？以下就是五名在其金贵之身上展现艺术的人士：
　　1. 詹妮弗・安妮斯顿――在她的腹部上有一个小桃心。
　　2. 德鲁・巴里摩尔――巴里摩尔在她的脚踝处弄上了一个小十字架，在肚脐下面弄上了一只蝴蝶，在后背弄上了几个天使，在右脚上弄上了一轮含笑的蓝月和一颗星星，并在左胯上弄上了些花朵。
　　3. 大卫・贝克汉姆――他的后背下方有他儿子的名字“布鲁克林”，在后背上方的耶稣受难图上面有他另一个儿子的名字“罗密欧”，他的背上还有他妻子的印地语名字，而在他的右臂下侧则有一个罗马数字“VII”（其“曼联”队衣上的数字）。
　　
　　4. 朱莉娅・罗伯茨――在她的肩膀上弄上了一个带有桃心的汉字“力”。她还在她的后背上弄上了一只蝴蝶。
　　5. 罗比・威廉斯――歌手罗比・威廉斯的纹身可不少。他在他的左臂上弄了一个毛利人的图案，在他的右臀上弄了一个凯尔特十字架。而在他的右臂上，他弄上了一只狮子，狮子的上下分别写有“埃尔维斯赐我宁和”和“生性狂野”。他还在他的后腰上弄上了乐符和甲壳虫乐队的歌词，在他右臂内侧弄上了一个手握刻有其祖父姓名的十字架的圣人，并在胸部之上用法语纹下了“人人都有自己的品位”。
　　
　　纹身符号
　　
　　在90年代，汉字纹身流行于名人之间，而没过多久这股风气就蔓延到大众之中。大多数汉字都是译自纹身者想要使用的名字或个人品质。同样受欢迎的还有古代部族的符号。
　　
　　手掌食指和拇指之间的“三个点”，常会引发与拉丁帮派有关的联想，而实际上它们与犯罪并没有渊源。美国的西班牙裔青年是用它们来表示“mi vida loco”（“我的疯狂生活”）的意思。不过，有些纹身的确与犯罪有关联。在英国，犯人有时会在他们的手臂上纹上“ACAB”。如果警察问及它的意指，他们会说是“时刻带上《圣经》”的意思。如果是别人问及，答复则是“所有警察都是混蛋”。在西方，人所周知，中国的“三合会”会在他们的后背纹上一条青龙和一只白熊，但现在真正的“三合会”成员则很少会这样做，因为这在美国华人社区中名声不佳。
　　
　　
　　The South Seas
　　
　　在文章中的“History of Tattoos”一节中的第2段，用到了一个词组――“the South Seas”。这个词组在过去经常被用来指代“南太平洋”。
　　
　　riff raff /`rifr2f/ n.(贬)乌合之众；群氓
　　lowlife /`l9ulaif/ n.下层的人
　　tattoo /t9`t6/ n.& v.纹身
　　uptown /`7p`taun/ adv.在(或向)城镇非商业区
　　sleazy /`sl1zi/ adj.简陋的；破烂的
　　quarter /`kw5t9/ n.(市镇的)区
　　unprecedented /7n`presid9ntid/ adj.空前的
　　gallery /`G2l9ri/ n.画廊
　　pharaoh /`f^r9u/ n.法老王
　　
　　crest /krest/ n.纹章；饰章
　　expedition /,ekspi`diH9n/ n.探险队；远征
　　sensation /sen`seiH9n/ n.轰动；引起轰动的人或事
　　echelon /`eH9l4n/ n.等级；阶层
　　puncture /`p7MktH9/ n.刺孔；穿孔
　　patent /`peit9nt/ vt.取得……的专利权
　　coil /k4il/ n.线圈
　　apprentice /9`prentis/ n.学徒
　　eyeliner /`ailain9(r)/ n.眼线膏
　　icon /`aik4n/ n.图标；肖像
　　unsanitary /`7n`s2nit9ri/ adj.不卫生的
　　parlour /`p3l9/ n.营业室
　　hepatitis /,hep9`taitis/ n.肝炎
　　① be all the rage时兴；流行
　　② lose favour with 失宠
　　bellybutton /`beli`b7tn/ n.肚脐
　　
　　hipbone /hipb9un/ n.臀骨；髋骨
　　hoi-polloi /,h4ip9`l4i/ n.民众；大众
　　forefinger /`f5,fiMG9/ n.食指
　　convict /`k4nvikt/ n.罪犯
　　triad /`trai9d/ n.(华人帮派组织)三合会
　　stigma /`stiGm9/ n.污名；耻辱