【寻找刘易斯.卡罗尔:道奇森的多面人生】 刘易斯卡罗尔

　　相信很多人都听说过《爱丽丝漫游奇境》这部小说,并被作者刘易斯・ 　　卡罗尔那些荒诞绝妙的想法折服。你知道吗,刘易斯・卡罗尔是作者发表小说时用的笔名,他的真名是查尔斯・路特维奇・道奇森。他是牛津大学的讲师、才华横溢的数学家,还是当时有名的摄影家,但他最大的名声来自两部小说――《爱丽丝漫游奇境》和《爱丽丝镜中奇遇记》。《爱丽丝》系列小说被多次改编成电影、音乐剧和动画片,可见其影响之大。在蒂姆・波顿版的《爱丽丝》上映之际,我们一起来寻找真正的刘易斯・卡罗尔。
　　
　　Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832-1898), better
　　known by the 1)pseudonym Lewis Carroll, was an English author, mathematician and photographer,
　　who authored the famous novel Alice’s Adventures
　　in Wonderland and its sequel Through the Looking-
　　Glass, and What Alice Found There. His writing
　　has 2)enchanted readers of every age and class; his word play, logic and fantasy have overjoyed people ranging from children to the 3)cream-of-the-crop of the literary world. This great artist has influenced many others with his 4)exemplary work in modern art and culture.
　　
　　Early Life and Education
　　Lewis Carroll was born Charles Lutwidge Dodgson on January 27th, 1832, the eldest son and third of 11 children born to the 5)Reverend Charles Dodgson and Frances Jane Lutwidge. Carroll had a happy childhood. His mother was patient and gentle. His father tutored all of his children and raised them to be good people. Carroll
　　frequently made up games and wrote stories and poems,
　　some of which were similar to his later published
　　works, for his seven sisters and three brothers.
　　Although his years at Rugby School (1846-1849) were unhappy, he was recognized as a good student, and in 1850 he was 6)admitted to further study at Christ Church, Oxford, England. He graduated in 1854, and in 1855 he became a mathematical lecturer at the college. This
　　7)permanent 8)appointment, which not only recognized his academic skills but also paid him a 9)decent sum, required Carroll to take 10)holy orders in the 11)Anglican Church and to remain unmarried. He agreed to these requirements and was made a 12)deacon in 1861.
　　
　　Photography and Early Publication
　　Among adults Carroll was 13)reserved, but he did not avoid their 14)company as some reports have stated. He attended the theater frequently and was 15)absorbed by photography and writing.
　　After taking up photography in 1856, he soon found that his favorite subjects were children and famous people. Though photography was mostly a hobby,
　　Carroll spent a great deal of time on it until 1880. He was considered one of the best photographers of his time, becoming a major influence for modern art
　　photographers.
　　In the mid-1850s, Carroll also began writing both humorous and mathematical works. In 1856, he created the pseudonym “Lewis Carroll” by translating his first and middle names into Latin, 16)reversing their order, then translating them back into English. His mathematical
　　writing, however, appeared under his real name.
　　
　　Alice Books
　　In 1856, Carroll met Alice Liddell, the four-year-old daughter of the Dean of Christ Church. During the next few years, Carroll often made up stories for Alice and her sisters. In July 1862, while on a picnic with the Liddell girls, Carroll 17)recounted the adventures of a little girl who fell into a rabbit hole. Alice asked him to write the story down for her. He did so, calling it Alice’s
　　Adventures Under Ground. After some changes, this work was published in 1865 as Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland with 18)illustrations by Sir John Tenniel.
　　Encouraged by the book’s success, Carroll wrote a second volume, Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1872). Based on the chess games Carroll played with the Liddell children, it included material he had written before he knew them. The first section of “Jabberwocky,” for example, was written in 1855.
　　Unlike most of the
　　children’s books of the day, Alice and Through the
　　Looking-Glass did not
　　attempt to 19)convey obvious
　　20)moral lessons. Nor did they contain what critics have tried to insist are there �
　　hidden meanings relating to religion or politics. They were delightful adventure stories in which a normal, healthy, clearheaded little girl reacts to the “reality” of the adult world. Their
　　21)appeal to adults as well as to children lies in Alice’s intelligent response to 22)ridiculous language and action.
　　
　　Other Works
　　Although the Alice books were definitely Carroll’s best-known works, he also wrote a lot of poetry, stories and essays. Another of his less-remembered works is The Hunting of the Snark (1874), a rather long epic tale of a ship which very loosely relates to the
　　“Jabberwocky” poem.
　　He also published another set of two novels, Sylvie and Bruno (1889) and Sylvie and Bruno Concluded (1893). These were never as popular as the Alice books, and received little critical 23)approval.
　　
　　Charles Lutwidge Dodgson vs.
　　Lewis Carroll
　　The Reverend C. L. Dodgson was a reserved, 24)fussy 25)bachelor who refused to get wrapped up in the political and religious storms that troubled England
　　during his lifetime. Lewis Carroll, however, was a
　　delightful, lovable companion to the children for whom he created his nonsense stories and poems. Biographers and historians have long been confused that one man could have two completely different sides.
　　One solution is that he had two personalities: “Lewis Carroll” and “the Reverend Mr. Dodgson,” with the
　　problems that go along with having a 26)split personality.
　　There were peculiar things about him � he had
　　27)stammered ever since he was a child, he was
　　extremely fussy about his 28)possessions, and he walked as much as 20 miles a day. But another
　　solution seems more nearly correct: “Dodgson” and “Carroll” were parts of one personality. This personality, because of happiness in childhood and unhappiness in the years thereafter, could blossom only in a world that 29)resembled the happy one he knew while growing up.
　　
　　查尔斯・路特维奇・道奇森(1832-1898)更为人所知的名字是其笔名――刘易斯・卡罗尔。这位集作家、数学家和摄影师于一身的英国人写下了著名小说《爱丽丝漫游奇境》及其姐妹篇――《爱丽丝镜中奇遇记》。他的作品让各个年龄段和阶层的人都为之陶醉。上至文学精英,下至童稚小孩,所有人都对他的文字游戏、逻辑推理和想象力非常着迷。这位伟大的艺术家以其具有楷模意义的作品影响了现代艺术和文化领域的后来人。
　　
　　早期生活和教育
　　刘易斯・卡罗尔出生于1832年1月
　　27日,真名是查尔斯・路特维奇・
　　道奇森。他是查尔斯・道奇森牧师和弗朗
　　西斯・简・路特维奇的长子,在11个孩子中排行第三。卡罗尔的童年很快乐。他的母亲温柔耐心,父亲则是孩子们的老师,教育他们要当好人。卡罗尔经常给他的七个姐妹和三个弟弟创造游戏,写故事和诗歌,其中一些与其后来出版的作品很相似。
　　尽管他在拉格比公学的日子(1846年至1849年)不太好过,但他是公认的好学生。1850年,他被英国牛津大学
　　基督学院录取,继续深造。他于1854年毕业,1855年成为该学院的数学讲师。这个长期任职不但是对卡罗尔的学术能力的肯定,还让他得到了一笔可观的收入。这个职位要求卡罗尔接受(英国)圣公会的圣职,并且终生不娶。他同意了这些要求,在1861年成为了一名执事。
　　
　　摄影及早期出版物
　　与成年人相处时,卡罗尔表现得沉默寡言,但他不像一些资料里写到的那样拒人于千里之外。他经常出入剧院,热衷于摄影和写作。
　　1856年接触摄影不久后,他发现自己最喜欢的题材是小孩和名人。虽然摄影只算是卡罗尔的爱好,但一直到1880年,他在这方面花费了大量时间。他被认为是当时最优秀的摄影师之一,对现代艺术摄影师影响
　　颇大。
　　19世纪50年代中期,卡罗尔开始撰写幽默故事和数学著作。1856年,他把自己的前两个名字翻译成拉丁文,调换位置,然后再将它们翻译成英语,最终创造出“刘易斯・卡罗尔”这个笔名。其数学著作则用真名发表。
　　
　　《爱丽丝》系列
　　1856年,卡罗尔认识了基督学院院长的女儿――4岁的爱丽丝・利德尔。在接下来的几年里,卡罗尔经常为爱丽丝和她的姐妹们创作故事。1862年7月,在与
　　利德尔姐妹野餐的时候,卡罗尔讲述了一个小女孩掉进兔子洞的历险故事。
　　爱丽丝请卡罗尔为她写下这个故事。他把故事写了出来,并取名为《爱丽丝地下历险记》。经过一些修改后,这部作品于1865年以《爱丽丝漫游奇境》的名字出版,约翰・坦尼尔爵士为其配插图。
　　由于小说大受欢迎,受到鼓舞的卡罗尔写了第二册――《爱丽丝镜中奇遇记》(1872年)。这本书以卡罗尔和利德尔家孩子玩国际象棋的经历为基础,还加入了一些认识他们之前所写的材料。例如,(胡话诗)《炸脖渥》的第一节就写于1855年。
　　与当时大多数儿童作品不同,《爱丽丝漫游奇境》和《爱丽丝镜中奇遇记》没有试图传达显而易见的道德教条,也不包含一些评论家曾经坚称存在的东西――与宗教或政治有关的隐藏含义。它们只是轻松愉快的冒险故事,讲述了一个头脑清醒、身体健康的普通小女孩如何应对成人世界的“现实”。这些故事之所以让大人小孩都为之着迷,是因为爱丽丝能对荒谬的语言和行为作出机智的反应。
　　
　　其他作品
　　《爱丽丝》系列无疑是卡罗尔最出名的作品,但其实他还写了大量诗歌、故事和论文,比如其流传不那么广的作品《斯纳克之猎》(1874年)。这是一个关于一条大船的史诗式故事,篇幅相当长,
　　和诗歌《炸脖渥》有那么一点联系。
　　他还出版了一套两本的系列小说――《西尔维和布鲁诺》(1889年)以及《西尔维和布鲁诺完结篇》(1893年)。但这两部小说远不及《爱丽丝》系列受欢迎,也没有得到评论家的认可。
　　
　　查尔斯・路特维奇・道奇森PK刘易斯・卡罗尔
　　C・L・道奇森牧师是一个沉默寡言、爱挑剔的单身汉。在他生活的年代,英国经受了一系列政治和宗教风波,但他完全置身事外。另一方面,刘易斯・卡罗尔却是孩子们的好伙伴,为他们创作了许多荒诞故事和诗歌。长期以来,传记作家和历史学家都对此感到疑惑不解:一个人为何会有完全相反的两面?
　　其中一种解释是他有双重性格:症状表现为“刘易斯・卡罗尔”和“道奇森牧师”这两种分裂人格。他有一些古怪的地方――自孩童时代起,他一直有口吃;他对自己的东西极其挑剔;他每天要步行
　　20英里(32千米)。但是另一种解释似乎更为准确:“道奇森”和“卡罗尔”是同一个人格的组成部分。由于经历了快乐的童年和之后的痛苦岁月,只有在与其成长中所认识的那个幸福世界相似的环境下,这种人格才会绽放光芒。