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    直接引语与间接引语之间的“变”与“不变”:直接引语变间接引语

    时间:2019-01-10 03:22:58 来源:柠檬阅读网 本文已影响 柠檬阅读网手机站

      使用引号,直接引用他人的话,在语法上叫直接引语;去掉引号,转述他人的话,叫间接引语。由于间接引语是用引述人的语言把被引述的原话转述出来,所以在转述时有的内容要进行适当的变化,而有时却不需要变化。现对这两种情况归纳如下:
      
      一、“变”的情况
      
      1.人称的变化
      (1)直接引语是第一人称,在间接引语中转变为第三人称。如:
      He said, “I like reading.”
      他说:“我喜欢看书。”
      He said he liked reading.
      他说他喜欢看书。
      (2)直接引语是第二人称,如果原话是针对转述人说的,转换为第一人称;若是针对第三人称说的,转换为第三人称。如:
       “You should listen carefully,” the teacher said to me.
      老师对我说:“你应该仔细听讲。”
      The teacher said to me that I should listen carefully.
      老师对我说我应该仔细听讲。
       “You mustn’t play football in the street,” the policeman said to the boys.
      警察对孩子们说:“不准在大街上踢球。”
      The policeman said to the boys they mustn’t play football in the street.
      警察对孩子们说不准他们在大街上踢球。
      (3)人称的转换还包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的相应变化。如:
      He said, “I have lost my backpack.”
      他说:“我把双肩背包弄丢了。”
      He said that he had lost his backpack.
      他说他把双肩背包弄丢了。
      She said, “The book on the desk is mine.”
      她说:“桌子上的书是我的。”
      She said that the book on the desk was hers.
      她说桌子上的书是她的。
      2.句子结构的变化
      (1)直接引语如果是陈述句,变为间接引语时,用连词that引导,在口语中that常被省略。如:
      She says, “I will leave a message on the desk.”
      她说:“我将在桌子上留下便条。”
      She says (that) she will leave a message on the desk.
      她说她将在桌子上留下便条。
      (2)直接引语如果是一般疑问句、选择疑问句或反意疑问句,变为间接引语时,常用连词if或whether引导,语序要用陈述语序。如:
      He said, “Has she come?”
      他说:“她已经来了吗?”
      He asked if she had come.
      他问她是否已经来了。
      Her brother said, “Does she know it or not?”
      她弟弟说:“她知道了吗?”
      Her brother asked whether she knew it or not.
      她弟弟问她是否知道。
      (3)直接引语如果是特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时,仍用原来的疑问词引导,语序要用陈述语序。如:
      He asked, “When will we arrive?”
      他说:“我们将什么时候到达?”
      He asked when they would arrive.
      他问他们将什么时候到达。
      He said, “What class are you in?”
      他说:“你在哪班?”
      He asked what class I was in.
      他问我在哪班。
      (4)直接引语如果是祈使句,变为间接引语时,一般用带to的不定式做宾语补足语,谓语动词常用ask, tell, order, advise, request等。如:
      He says, “Close the door.”
      他说:“关门。”
      He asked you to close the door.
      他让你关门。
      “Don’t go out,” she says to me.
      她说:“别出去。”
      She told me not to go out.
      她告诉我不要出去。
      3.时态的变化
       (1)一般现在时变为一般过去时。如:
       He said, “This book is yours.”
       他说:“这本书是你的。”
       He said that book was mine.
       他说那本书是我的。
       (2)现在进行时变为过去进行时。如:
       She said, “The children are reading a text.”
       她说:“孩子们正在读课文。”
       She said the children were reading a text.
       她说孩子们正在读课文。
       (3)现在完成时变为过去完成时。如:
       He said, “I have finished my homework.”
       他说:“我已经做完作业了。”
       He said he had finished his homework.
       他说他已经做完作业了。
       (4)一般将来时变为过去将来时。如:
       He said, “I’ll wait for you outside the school gate.”
       他说:“我将在校门外等你。”
       He said he would wait for me outside the school gate.
       他说他将在校门外等我。
       (5)一般过去时变为过去完成时。如:
       She said, “I returned the book to the library.”
       她说:“我把书还给图书馆了。”
       She said she had returned the book to the library.
       她说她把书还给图书馆了。
       4.时间、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词等的变化,如:yesterday变为the day before;here 变为there;come变为go;this变为that;these变为those等。如:
       He said, “I will stay here.”
       他说:“我将待在这儿。”
       He said that he would stay there.
       他说他将待在那儿。
       “I bought these flowers for you,” she said.
       她说:“这些花我是为你买的。”
       She said she bought those flowers for me.
       她说那些花她是为我买的。
      
       二、“不变”的情况
      
       1.当主句的谓语为一般现在时,间接引语的时态不变。如:
       He asks, “Where do you come from?”
       他问:“你来自哪里?”
       He asks where I come from.
       他问我来自哪里。
       2.直接引语部分有具体的时间状语时,间接引语的时态不变。如:
       “It happened in 2000,” he said.
       他说:“那件事发生在2000年。”
       He said it happened in 2000.
       他说那件事发生在2000年。
       3.直接引语是客观事实、自然现象、谚语、格言等,间接引语的时态不变。如:
       The boy asked, “Does water freeze at 0℃?”
       男孩问:“水是否在0℃结冰?”
       The boy asked if water freezes at 0℃.
       男孩问水是否在0℃结冰。
       The teacher said, “The earth turns around the sun.”
       老师说:“地球围绕太阳转。”
       The teacher said the earth turns around the sun.
       老师说地球围绕太阳转。
       4.如果是在当时、当地转述,时间、地点状语及某些对比性的指示代词和动词等也可不变。如:
       He said, “I came here three days ago.”
       他说:“我是3天前来这儿的。”
       He said he came here three days ago.
       他说他是3天前来这儿的。
       5.如果是说话人自己引述自己的话,有关的人称代词不用变化。人称代词的转换规则不是固定的,只要符合逻辑就行。如:
       I said, “If you don’t keep quiet, I will get you out.”
       我说:“如果你不保持安静,我将让你出去。”
       I said to him if he didn’t keep quiet, I would get him out.
       我对他说如果他不保持安静,我将让他出去。

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