英语写作模式有哪些_“两逗一句”的英语写作模式

　　长期以来音、体、美特长生的英语写作水平都是高中教师头疼的事。因为这些学生从初中，甚至有的从小学开始英语就没学好，许多学生不敢、也不愿写长句。为了避免挨批，写作时不求有功但求无过，于是写出的都是一个个简单的小短句。以 The thirty years old man is our English teacher.为例，他们就可能写成：He is a man. He is thirty years old. He is our English teacher.这样一来老师你不可能给我高分，但也不可能给分太低,因为我内容写全了并且没出现错误。还有一些成绩较好的学生将写作简单的视为以前所学的单词，短语和句子的简单堆砌。“新课标’语言技能目标（7至9级）中明确提出：高中生应能写出常见的应用文；能描述人物或事件，并进行简单的评论；能根据文字及图表提供的信息写短文；能写出语意连贯且结构完整的短文，叙述事情或表达观点和态度。
　　显然，写作是一个高度复杂的思维过程。在写作过程中，学生需要借助纯语言手段组织段落，考虑逻辑结构，使之条理清晰，这就让这些特长生学生望文生畏。此时，教师的课堂指导，技巧点拨就显得尤为重要。
　　这两年，笔者在教学中运用注重过程写作模式并辅以背诵、仿写，“一逗一句”至“两逗一句”的写作模板，逐渐引导学生写出完整的长句，取得了较好的教学效果。这种模式特点是师生互动性强，突出学生的主体地位，将学生和学生的需求置于师生间交互学习的中心，力求营造一种教学氛围使学生能够共享信息，相互帮助。具体做法：
　　①指导学生在完成写作任务的过程中处理好各种问题；
　　②通过小组活动让学生合作交流和相互修改文稿；
　　③注重师生间互动和交流。具体操作如下：
　　（一）提供范文，组织学生讨论段落的结构及文章主体部分的写作特点。
　　2008年【北京卷】满分作文
　　【试题回放】假设你是红星中学高三一班的学生李华，为校刊英语园地写一篇题为“Our Spring Outing” 的英文稿件。 请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序，叙述上周你们班从准备春游到春游结束的完整过程。
　　注意： 词数不少于60.
　　提示词： 游乐园 amusement park 垃圾箱 bin
　　Last Thursday, we had a class meeting to discuss where to go for our spring outing. We came up with several choices such as going boating, climbing amountain, and going to an amusement park. Finally, we decided to go mountainclimbing.
　　The next day, we set off early in the morning. While climbing the mountain, we enjoyed the warm sunshine and a beautiful view. However, when we reached the top, we were shocked to see litter here and there, such as bottles and banana peels. Then we started to pick up the litter and put the rubbish into the nearby recycling bin and non-recycling bin respectively.
　　We were tired but happy.
　　本情景作文的内容要点如下：1.讨论;2.爬山;3.检拾别人的垃圾;4.投放垃圾。内容要点可用不同方式表达。本文覆盖了所有内容要点，较好地完成了试题规定的任务。其中，写作主题突出，详略得当，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，而且有效的使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文机构紧凑。本文叙述清楚，描写细致，准确运用了很多富有表现力的词和句型，例如：“set off early”，“enjoyed the warm sunshine and a beautiful view”, ”were shocked to see litter here and there “等，将活动的情形很形象地描述了出来。
　　积累卡片英汉互译
　　好词1 set off 出发 2. litter n.废弃物 3.respectively adv.分别地
　　好句1.While climbing the mountain,we enjoyed the warm sunshine and a beautiful view.
　　在爬山时，我们享受着温暖的阳光和美丽的风景。
　　1. However, when we reached the top, we were shocked to see litter here and there, such as bottles and banana peels.
　　然而，当我们登上山顶，被眼前的一幕惊呆了：瓶子和香蕉皮这样的废弃物到处都是。
　　评析：细节描写，生动形象。“shock”一词也用得生动传神。
　　又如：2009年【江苏卷】满分作文
　　【试题回放】鼠标是计算机时代最佳的人机交互工具之一。它极大地方便了人们的计算机操作。但是，过分依赖鼠标的习惯也会带来一些不利影响。请你以鼠标为切入点，根据下表所提示的信息，用英语写一篇短文。
　　鼠标的必要性对多数人来说，操作计算机，上网冲浪……
　　鼠标的便捷性点击、移动、插入、拷贝、删除……编辑文本，搜索信息……
　　收发邮件，选购商品……
　　点播音乐，下载电影……
　　如果过分依赖鼠标…… (请考生结合自身感受，列举两到三点)
　　注意：
　　1.对所给要点逐一陈述，适当发挥，不要简单翻译。2.词数150左右。开头已经写好，不计人总词数。3.作文中不得提及考生所在学校和本人姓名。
　　The mouse is a most effective device used by people to communicate with a computer.
　　For most people, it’s almost impossible to operate a computer without a mouse, let alone surf the Internet. A well-chosen mouse is really handy, flexible and convenient in controlling the screen. With the functions of inserting, deleting, moving and copying, it enables us to edit test, browse web page and download what we want. It can even bring us a flood of music, movies and PC games. Just imagine, all this can be done with a cute mouse.
　　A convenient tool can certainly make our work easier, but it doesn’t always help in a positive way. Too much ready information on our fingertips leaveslittle room for knowledge pursuing. Too many ready answers make us less excited in finding truth. Relying too much on mouse clicking makes us lazier and less creative both mentally and physically.
　　本文为提纲式说明文体裁，所选内容与我们生活相关，考生只要把所给要点逐条陈述，适度发挥，不要逐条翻译即可。文章说理清楚，语言流畅，句式表达多样，用词恰当、准确。不失为一篇满分作文。
　　再看下面一篇：
　　Dear Chris,
　　I’m now back home smoothly. As the Chinese traditional festival draws near, I have made a perfect plan.
　　Because of missing my teachers and classmates too much, I’m determined to pay a visit to them, which can let me share my foreign experience with them. What’s more, it’s a good idea to get together and enjoy the happy time ofhousehold. Having been separated for a long time, I have much to talk with my friends, asking for their opinions on further studies. In addition, I am lookingforward to having my own license. I’ll spare no effort to learn the driving skills and I think I can make it. In a word, I believe it will be a wonderful holiday!
　　Hope you will enjoy your holiday too!
　　Yours,
　　Li Hua
　　引导学生看划线部分句子特点，尤其是标点符号，不难看出主体部分主要采用两个逗号一个句号的写作特点，其中也在此包括了分词和定语从句等高级句式。再辅以简单句式和评价性的语言It’s a good idea…来替代简单句式I think/I want…，这样一篇流畅的高分作文就产生了。
　　（二）出示结构框架，“两逗一句”的运用。
　　体裁：Letter
　　开头：问候
　　模式：三段式主体部分：两逗一句的运用
　　结尾:祝福
　　这种写法的特点是文章的主题部分主要有两逗一句构成，辅以简单句式，以达到句式结构的多样性。即复合句与并列句的转换；并列句与简单句的转换，这样就符合高考英语作文各档次的给分范围和要求中的第二档中的语法结构多样，词汇丰富，显示出较强的语言运用能力的要求。这种写作很有利于绝大多数学生的写作发展，而且课堂易操作。
　　（三）牢记例句，强化“两逗一句”的运用。
　　① In order to keep fit, I’m determined to take exercise, including swimming and running.
　　②With time going by, shopping online becomes more popular in China, making life more convenient.
　　③ Despite its drawback, it will make a great impact on our life , making our life better .
　　④Because of this, he has ever been a volunteer of the Beijing Olympic Games, during which time he accumulated a large quantity of experience.
　　⑤Although he is one of China’s most famous scientists, Yuanlongping considers himself a famer,for he works the land to do his reseaarch.
　　通过分析不难看出，这句子共性在于也都采用了两个逗号一个句号的写作手法。再引导学生分析，每个逗号和句号都干什么，都可以写什么，学生就得出结论，第一个逗号可以是表目的，原因，时间等，第二个逗号是主句，句号是对主句的补充或解释，可以是影响或是主句的具体内容， 可采用分词或定语从句的结构。其实这样的写法也把高级句式巧妙的融入到作文当中，学生还好掌握。
　　（四）提供新的题目，让学生按同样的框架练习，试着仿写。
　　经过审题和学习后，教师要趁热打铁，把考试作文改成了写一封暑假计划的书信，包括锻炼身体，参加社会实践活动，学英语等。事实证明通过一段时间的训练，他们的作文有相当大的进步。
　　Dear Tony,
　　The summer vacation we are looking forward to is just around the corner, have you made any personal plan?
　　In order to keep fit, I’m determined to take exercise, including swimming and running. Besides, with the development of society, more and more people pay attention to English, not to mention me. I think mastering English well does good to me，so I will pare no effort to learn English in the holiday. What’s more, don’t you think it’s a good idea to take part in social activities?I am convinced that it can broaden our horizons.
　　Wish you have a happy holiday!
　　Yours,
　　Li Hua
　　（五）学生自改初稿。
　　学生在完成初稿后，教师应让学生自己仔细地重读一遍，引导学生从以下几个方面对原稿进行再加工：
　　①文章是否切题；
　　②要点是否齐全；
　　③布局是否合理，格式是否正确，内容是否连贯；
　　④有无人称，时态，冠词等的语法错误；
　　⑤有无单词拼写和大小写及标点符号等方面的错误。
　　（六）学生以小组形式互改初稿
　　小组间的互改是合作学习在写作教学中的实际运用。学生先将自己初改的作文交给学习伙伴润色修改。根据上一步骤中的五个方面提出修改意见；让后作者本人在听取各方意见后自己再修改。这种学生在小组合作中相互倾听和相互帮助能充分调动学生的积极性，发展学生的思维能力，促进学生交流。并且还能使本节课的写作任务得到进一步的落实，同时也锻炼了学生们的英文书写能力。 在作文的修改过程中，学生自身的语言知识得以巩固，写作技巧也随之提高。
　　（七）展示成果
　　教师要要求每组从中收集较好的句型，短语和词汇，并选出本组最佳文章向全班宣读，以供；或者通过墙报在全班展示优秀下成果。这种做法，一是鼓励了作者，二是对其他学生进一步完善自己的写作有极好的帮助作用。
　　二：“两逗一句”在其它类型作文中的运用
　　掌握这种技巧之后，教师以后每次写作都要有意识的加以强调，学生就会越用越熟练，而且这种写法适应于各种体裁的作文。例如，山东省2006年高考作文题目为Civil Virtue,是篇漫画。在漫画格式下，经过训练，学生很熟练的写出了漂亮的开头和主体部分。
　　In the picture above, we can see people throwing rubbish at random and spitting in public, which are against civil virtue.(——李琳琳5 班)
　　From the picture, we can see some impolite behavior such as spitting to the ground, throwing waste all about.(——姜北3 班)
　　There is no doubt that with the development of economy, many people have become rich. However, with their wallets full, some people have ignored the importance of morality, paying no attention to what they do and what they do might lead to. What’s more, when other people remind them of their wrong behavior, they will not take other’s advice. （肖昂昂5班）
　　除了漫画，像图表类的作文，在百分比的表达中，巧妙的运用它，也增色不少。比方说：
　　In order to have a beautiful handwriting, many students practice it every day, accounting for one-fifth of the whole class.
　　一次期中考试作文题目为甲流，我班的作文写得相对比其它班要好一些，有好几个学生说这才找到写作的感觉，不用去想高级句式，只要遵照“两逗一句”的原则，却又在不经意间把高级句式给用了进去。
　　With the H1N1 influenza getting around globally, some students in our school have gone back home to rest, which gives rise to people’s anxiety.
　　Under such circumstances, some students hold the view that our school should take measures, such as quitting the class By contrast, a majority of others feel it insensible to panic. In order to resist H1N1, we must take exercise, including running, and playing basketball.
　　In my view, confronted with such a situation, to panic is the last thing we’re supposed to do, for it doesn’t make any sense. What I suggest is to take care of ourselves and keep up our spirits. Mind you, staying in a good mood can effectively build up your resistance to diseases. Besides, keep the air fresh and keep yourself clean.
　　总之，写作水平的提高依赖于学生的参与，依赖于教师的指导，依赖于写作教学中的教学策略。实践证明，在英语写作教学中若能注重写作过程并辅以“两逗一句” 的写法不仅能优化教师写作教学过程，还能促进学生有效地学习，提高学生对写作的兴趣和参与度，给予他们信心。
　　
　　参考文献：
　　[1]王笃勤.2002.英语教学策略论「M」. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社
　　[2]肖成全.2006.有效教学. 辽宁师范大学出版社