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    How to use How,to,Read

    时间:2018-12-28 03:28:10 来源:柠檬阅读网 本文已影响 柠檬阅读网手机站

      When you read an article you will under-stand and remember it better if you can work out how the writer has put the ideas together.
      Sometimes a writer puts ideas together by asking questions and then answering them.For example,if the article is about ground-hogs (土拨鼠), the set of questions in the writer"s head might be:
      What does a groundhog look like?
      Where do groundhogs live?
      How do they build their homes?
      What do they eat?
      When do they have babies?
      In the article, the author might answer those questions.
      Sometimes an author writes out her ques-tions in the article. These questions give you signals. They tell you what the author is going to write next. When you read a question in an article you will usually find the answer to that question as you read on.
      Often an author has a question in her head but she doesn"t write it out for you.She just tells you the answer to her ques-tion as she writes. You have to work out her question for yourself.
      As you read this article on earth-worms (蚯蚓), try to find the questions the author had in her mind when she wrote the article. Sometimes she will write out her questions for you. Sometimes she will leave it to you to work them out.
      Earthworms
      Do you know how many kinds of earth-worms there are? There are about 1800 kinds in the world! They can be brown,purple, red, blue, green. They can be as small as 3 cm long and as large as 3 m long. The ~arden earthworms we have. in Canada are 10 cm to 20 cm long and are a pink brown color.
      The best time to see earthworms is at night, especially a cool, damp night. That"s when they come up rom- their burrows (地洞) to hunt for food. Earthworms don"t like to be in the sun. That" s because they breathe through their skin,and they can"t breathe if their skin gets too dry.So they try to stay down in the earth while the sun is out. You may have no-ticed that if you happen to dig up an earthworm, it soon burrows back into the earth. Sometimes earthworms don"t make them back into the earth. When"that happens, you"ll see a dead worm all dried up by the sun. Earthworms must come out of the earth if it rains a lot,because they can"t breathe in their flooded burrows.What a dangerous life!
      Earthworms don"t have eyes, so how can they tell when it"s dark? They have special places on their skin that are sensi- tive (敏感的) to light. These spots tell whether it" s light or dark. If you shine a flashlight (闪光信号灯) on an earthworm at night, it will quickly disappear into the ground. But earthworms are blind to red light.That"s why people often use red lights when they go hunting worms for fishingbait (鱼饵).
      Earthworms don"t have ears either, but they can hear by feeling movements in the earth. If you want to hear like an earthworm, lie on the ground with your fingers in your ears. Then have a friend stamp his or her feet near you. This is how earthworms feel birds and people walking, and moles digging, near them.
      Some people think that if an earthworm is cut in half, each half will grow back the missing part and there will be two earthworms. This is not quite what happens. If only a small piece of the earthworm" s front is broken off, it can grow a new head. The new front ~art may be shorter than the old one,but the worm will be healthy and will even have grown a new brain. And an earthworm can lose an even bigger part of its tail and still grow a new one. Do worms feel pain When they are cut up like that? Scientists have found that worms can feel pain, but only for a short time. As soon as they are hurt,their bodies make a pain-killing chemical that helps the pain to go away. Most earthworms only live two or three years,but some may live as long as nine years.
      Earthworms are useful. Farmers and gardeners like having lots of earthworms in their land because the worms help to make better soil when they dig. That digging keeps the soil loose and airy (通风的). Loose and airy soil is very important for farmers and gardeners because it helps plants to grow. Plants need the air and water that gets into loose soil. Also, it" s easy for plant roots to grow along the tunnels made by earthworms. In a fertile (肥沃的)field there may be as many as 2.5 million earthworms per hectare (公�).
      The way an earthworm digs tunnels depends on whether the soil is soft or hard .If the soil is soft,the worm can push its way through easily. When a stone gets in the way,the worm just pushes it aside. An earthworm can move a stone that is fifty times its own weight! If the soil is hard, the worm eats its way through. It swallows the earth. It digests the bits of dead plant and other food" mixed, in the soil. Then the leftover earth passes out of the tail end of the worm in little piles called castings. If you look carefully in fields and gardens, you can see these castings on the surface of the ground. So earthworms turn the soil over and over the way a plough does. In one year earthworms can pile up as much as 23,000 kg of castings in an area about the size of a football field. That"s a lot of plough.

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